Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde Bithynia-Pontus eyaletinde darp edilen mimari betimli sikkeler
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Date
2022-07-05
Authors
İhtiyar, Metehan
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Antik Bithynia Bölgesi Helenistik Dönemde Anadolu'nun kuzeybatısında bağımsız bir krallık iken, MÖ 74 yılında Roma İmparatorluğu'nun bir eyaleti haline gelmiştir. MÖ 63'te General Pompeius'un bölgede yaptığı düzenlemelerden sonra Pontus'un batısı Bithynia Eyaleti'ne ilhak edilerek "Provincia Bithynia et Pontus" adı altında yeni bir eyalet haline gelmiştir. Bithynia-Pontus Eyaleti'nde, Roma hâkimiyetinden sonra imar faaliyetleri başlamış ve bu kapsamda, tapınaklar, sunaklar, tiyatrolar, amphitiyatrolar, fener kuleleri, liman yapıları kent surları ve karargâh kapıları gibi sivil, askeri ve dini içerikli birçok yapı inşa edilmiştir. Şehirlerin mimari dokusunu oluşturan bu yapılar Bithynia kentleri adına basılan birçok sikkenin arka yüzlerinde betimlenmiştir. Ödeme aracı olarak maddi değerinin yanı sıra tarih boyunca bir bağımsızlık sembolü olan sikkeler mimari tipleri ile birlikte de merkez Roma ile Bithynia Eyaleti arasında iletişim aracı olarak politik propagandaların öncüsü olmuştur. Mimari betimli sikkelere göre tapınaklar, Bithynia kentlerinde saygınlık gören Zeus, Dionysos, Demeter, Asklepius, Apollon, Serapis, Herakles, Nemesis ve Fortuna gibi tanrı ve tanrıçalara adanmıştır. Sikkelerde tasvir edilen birçok tapınağın lokasyonu belli değildir. Ancak benzer kent planları ile yapılan karşılaştırmalar ve Hristiyanlık döneminde birçok pagan tapınağının kiliseye dönüştürülmüş olduğu dikkate alındığında muhtelif tapınakların mevcut kiliselerin temellerinde veya çevresinde aranması gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra sikke tasvirlerine göre Bithynia kentlerinde olduğu düşünülen tiyatro, amphiyatro ve gymnasium gibi anıtsal yapılar MS 1. yüzyıldan sonra gelişen imparatorluk kültü kapsamında Roma imparatorları onuruna gerçekleştirilen agonlar için inşa edilmiş olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu tezde, Roma İmparatorluk Döneminde basılan mimari betimli sikkeler temel alınarak, Bithynia Eyaleti'nde yer alan kentlerin yapı programı incelenmiş ve tarihi belgeler, yazıtlar ve antik tarihçiler ışığında dönemin muhtelif yapıları hakkında fikir ve düşünceler öne sürülmüştür.
The Ancient Bithynia Region was an independent kingdom in the northwest of Anatolia in the Hellenistic Period, but later became a province of the Roman Empire in 74 BC. After the arrangements made by General Pompeius in this region in 63 BC, western Pontus was annexed to the Province of Bithynia and thus a new province was formed under the name of "Provincia Bithynia et Pontus".In the Province of Bithynia Pontus, reconstruction activities started after the Roman domination and in this context, many civil, military and religious buildings such as temples, theaters, amphitheaters, light towers, bridges, port structures, city walls and fortification gates were built. These structures, which reflect the architectural texture of the cities, are depicted on the reverse types of many coins minted in the name of the cities of Bithynia. Ancient Coins, which have been a symbol of independence throughout history, as well as their economic value as a means of payment, have been the pioneer of political propaganda as a means of communication between central Rome and the Province of Bithynia with their architectural types. According to the coins with architectural depictions, the temples were dedicated to gods and goddesses such as Zeus, Dionysus, Demeter, Asklepius, Apollon, Serapis, Heracles, Nemesis and Fortuna, who were respected in the cities of Bithynia. The locations of many temples depicted on coins are unknown. In this regard, comparisons were made with similar city plans and it was taken into account that many pagan temples were converted into churches during the Christian era. Accordingly, Various temples are thought to be localized in or around the foundations of existing churches. In addition, it was concluded that monumental structures such as the theatre, amphitheater and gymnasium in the architectural coin descriptions were built for the agons organized in honor of the Roman emperors within the scope of the imperial cult established after the 1st century AD. In this dissertation, in the light of historical documents and ancient historians, the building program of the cities in the Province of Bithynia was examined based on the coins with architectural descriptions minted in the Roman Imperial Period.
The Ancient Bithynia Region was an independent kingdom in the northwest of Anatolia in the Hellenistic Period, but later became a province of the Roman Empire in 74 BC. After the arrangements made by General Pompeius in this region in 63 BC, western Pontus was annexed to the Province of Bithynia and thus a new province was formed under the name of "Provincia Bithynia et Pontus".In the Province of Bithynia Pontus, reconstruction activities started after the Roman domination and in this context, many civil, military and religious buildings such as temples, theaters, amphitheaters, light towers, bridges, port structures, city walls and fortification gates were built. These structures, which reflect the architectural texture of the cities, are depicted on the reverse types of many coins minted in the name of the cities of Bithynia. Ancient Coins, which have been a symbol of independence throughout history, as well as their economic value as a means of payment, have been the pioneer of political propaganda as a means of communication between central Rome and the Province of Bithynia with their architectural types. According to the coins with architectural depictions, the temples were dedicated to gods and goddesses such as Zeus, Dionysus, Demeter, Asklepius, Apollon, Serapis, Heracles, Nemesis and Fortuna, who were respected in the cities of Bithynia. The locations of many temples depicted on coins are unknown. In this regard, comparisons were made with similar city plans and it was taken into account that many pagan temples were converted into churches during the Christian era. Accordingly, Various temples are thought to be localized in or around the foundations of existing churches. In addition, it was concluded that monumental structures such as the theatre, amphitheater and gymnasium in the architectural coin descriptions were built for the agons organized in honor of the Roman emperors within the scope of the imperial cult established after the 1st century AD. In this dissertation, in the light of historical documents and ancient historians, the building program of the cities in the Province of Bithynia was examined based on the coins with architectural descriptions minted in the Roman Imperial Period.
Description
Keywords
Bithynia, Sikke, Nümismatik, Mimari betimler, Roma Dönemi, Coin, Architectural depiction, Numismatic, Roman Period
Citation
İhtiyar, M. (2022). Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi'nde Bityhnia-Pontus eyaletinde darp edilen mimari betimli sikkeler. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.