2013 Cilt 7 Sayı 21
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Item Open Access Biostimulating effects of wastewater sludges on stressed soils(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2013-12-09) Şağban, F. Olcay Topaç; Dindar, Efsun; Başkaya, Hüseyin S.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü.Soil pollution is accepted as a pressing problem in many parts of the world resulting in efforts to develop a variety of soil remediation technologies. Properly processed wastewater sludge which contains significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter and other trace elements is accepted as a promising nutrient source for microbes in soils contaminated with various contaminants. The objective of the present study was to determine the potential use of municipal wastewater sludge as a biostimulating agent in soils which has been irrigated with a polluted river water for long time and evaluate the soil enzyme activities. The results of 45 days incubation period indicated a significant improvement (1.5 to 5 fold in comparison to unamended polluted soil) in urease, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activities in sludge amended soils. Maximum values were observed in soils amended with 200 t/ha sludge. Although, the sludge dose of 100 t/ha increased the enzyme activity levels of polluted soil significantly, it seemed to be inadequate to increase activity levels of polluted soil to reference soil levels. Consequently, municipal sludge amendment with dose of 200 t/ha appeared to enhance the nutrient status of soil system, providing the removal of the anthropogenic stress caused by the irrigation from a polluted river.Item Open Access Effect of concentrations and time of kaolin spraying on wheat aphid(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2014-01-19) Nateghi, Mohadeseh; Paknejad, Farzad; Moarefi, MaryamCommon wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) is the cereal key pest. To study the effectiveness of different concentrations and times of kaolin spraying on the reduction of S. Graminum damage, a field experiment was arranged based on randomized block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were kaolin concentrations at four levels [0, 1.25 %, 2.5 % and 3.75 %, k1, K2, k3, and k4, respectively], times of kaolin spraying at three levels (concurrently with the stem forming, coincides with the first appearance of spikelets, coincides with dough development, T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The results indicated that the maximum (9914.81 kg ha -1 ) and minimum (6277.76 kg ha -1 ) grain yield were found in plots received 3.75 % kaolin at T2 time and untreated control, respectively. The highest (22666.66 kg ha -1 ) and lowest (16465.92 kg ha -1) biological yield were detected in plots exposed to kaolin 1.25 % at T3 time and control treatment, respectively. The present study showed that Kaolin could reduce wheat aphid damage and had positive effect of grain and biological yields. Therefore, Kaolin can be an important and effective tool to mitigate wheat aphid damage, and could be a good alternative to chemical products.Item Open Access Effects of cadmium and cadmium-chitosan mixture on some blood parameters of oreochromis niloticus(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2013-11-25) Çiftçi, Nuray; Özbay, Teslime; Karayakar, Fahri; Cicik, Bedii; Ay, Özcan; Karaytuğ, SahireEffects of 1 mgL chitosan(CT) mixture on hematocrit levels, erythrocyte numbers and on erythrocyte and erythrocyte nucleus areas were determined after exposing the animals to Cd and Cd-CT mixture over 7, 15 and 30 days. Microhematocrit and microscopic methods were used in determining the above blood parameters. No mortality was observed during the experiments. Hematocrit levels and erythrocyte numbers decreased whereas erythrocyte and erythrocyte nucleus areas increased in fish exposed to Cd alone compared with the control. No difference was observed, however, in the parameters studied in Cd-CT exposed fish compared with the control, except the erythrocyte nucleus area (P<0.05). When exposed to Cd alone erythrocyte and erythrocyte nucleus areas increased and hematocrit levels and erythrocyte numbers decreased whereas when exposed to Cd-CT mixture there was no difference in hematocrit levels, an increase in erythrocyte numbers and a decrease in erythrocyte and erythrocyte nucleus areas with increasing exposure periods. Blood parameters of O. niloticus were not affected when exposed to Cd together with chitosan, while exposing fish to Cd alone resulted changes in these parameters.Item Open Access Effects of vitamin e on phostoxin-ınduced changes in the liver and biochemical parameters of adult wistar rats(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2013-11-25) Ibegbu, Augustine Oseloka; Alatise, Ahmad Tajudeen; Olaniyi, Babatunde Abdullateef; Samnan, Dassah Julcit; Emmanuel, Umana Uduak; Oliver, Hamman Wilson; Abraham, Musa Sunday; Steven, Akpulu PeterThe effects of antioxidant Vitamin E on phostoxin-induced changes in the liver and haemato-biochemical parameters in Wistar rats were studied. Thirty adult Wistar rats of both sexes were grouped into six groups of five rats each. Group 1 was the Control and was given normal saline, Group 2 was exposed to phostoxin for 3 hours with vitamin E and Group 3 was exposed to phostoxin for 1½ hours with vitamin E. Groups 4 and 5 were exposed to phostoxin for 3 hours and 1½ hours respectively and Group 6 was treated with vitamin E only. The rats were exposed to phostoxin through inhalational method for one week. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were sacrificed, the blood and tissues collected for analysis and procession for studies. The results showed increase in the body weight of the rats which could be as a result of the effect of phostoxin leading to increase in appetite of the rats. The results of biochemical parameters showed there was significant increase in AST and ALP (P<0.05), but the change in ALT in the serum of treated animals was not significant. The results from the histological observations of the Liver in the experimental rats showed changes in all the Groups that were treated with phostoxin of which the damage was dependent on the exposure time to phostoxin and Vitamin E may play a role as an antioxidant resulting in ameliorative effects in phostoxin-induced toxicity.Item Open Access Efficacy evaluation of sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl plus sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron-methyl plus ıodosulfuron-methyl and ıodosulfuron plus mesosulfuron herbicides in winter wheat (triticum aestivum L.)(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2013) Malekian, Babak; Ghadiri, Hossein; Kazemeini, Seyed Abdolreza; Edalat, MohsenIn order to investigate the effect of sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl plus sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron-methyl plus iodosulfuronmethyl and iodosulfuron plus mesosulfuron on weed control and wheat biological and grain yield, a two-year field experiment was conducted in Shiraz, Iran, during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replications. Treatments were sulfosulfuron at 18, 20.25 and 22.5 g a.i. ha -1 , metsulfuron-methyl plus sulfosulfuron at 28, 32 and 36 g a.i. ha -1 , mesosulfuron-methyl plus iodosulfuron-methyl at 14.4, 18 and 21.6 g a.i. ha -1 , iodosulfuron plus mesosulfuron at 18, 24 and 30 g a.i. ha -1 and two weedy and weed free checks. Compared with the weedy check, application of herbicides in both growing seasons reduced weed biomass and increased wheat biological and grain yield. Among herbicide treatments, metsulfuron-methyl plus sulfosulfuron at 36 g a.i. ha -1 reduced weed dry matter by 98. 6% and 97.55% in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, respectively, and the lowest weed dry matter was observed with this treatment. In both years, maximum wheat biological yield was obtained in weed free check that was not significantly different from metsulfuron-methyl plus sulfosulfuron at 36 g a.i. ha -1 . The highest wheat grain yield was obtained with metsulfuron-methyl plus sulfosulfuron at 36 g a.i. ha -1.Item Open Access MecA gene prevalence in staphylococcus aureus ısolates from dairy cows in Turkey(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2013-01-09) Buyukcangaz, Esra; Kahya, Serpil; Şen, Aysin; Carli, K. Tayfun; Intas, K. Seyrek; Eyigor, Aysegul; Temelli, Seran; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner FakültesiThis cross-sectional study was performed between October 2010 and July 2012 from six different municipalities in Turkey to determine the prevelance of mecA gene in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk samples of mastitic cattle by PCR. Milk samples (n:1600) from 50 different Holstein Fresian herds were evaluated by California Mastitis Test and 480 clinical mastitis cases were diagnosed and taken for further investigation. Out of 480 samples, 151 have been identified to harbor Staphylococcus aureus by APIStaph® (Biomereux) identification panel and the results have been evaluated by API-web system. Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion Test was used for determination of Cephoxitin® (Oxoid) susceptibility. By PCR, 24 isolates (15.89 %) were found to carry mecA gene and yielded an amplification product of 154 bp. This report represents that a significant number of MRSA was found among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in mastitis cases.Item Open Access Nitrogen, manure and municipal waste compost effects on yield and photosynthetic characteristics of corn (zea mays l.) under weedy conditions(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2013-12-09) Naderi, Ruhollah; Ghadiri, HosseinA two-year field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen, composted manure, municipal waste compost, and weeds on yield and photosynthetic characteristics of corn. Experimental design was split split plot factorial with 3 replications. Main plots were weedy and weed-free, sub plots were nitrogen fertilizer levels [0 (N0) and 200 (N200) kg N ha -1 as urea], and sub sub plots were factorial application of municipal waste compost [0 (C0), 25 (C1) and 50 (C2) t ha -1 ] and manure [0 (M0), 25 (M1) and 50 (M2) t -1 ha ] with all possible combinations. Manure and municipal compost increased photosynthetic rate (A) (27 and 7 %, respectively), stomatal conductance (gs) (12 and 25 %, respectively) and chlorophyll content of corn leaves same as nitrogen fertilizer. There was no significant difference between C2+M2 and C2+M2+N200 for corn yield. Weed presence significantly decreased A, gs, chlorophyll content, and yield of corn. Increase in organic or inorganic fertilizers did not decrease the detrimental effect of weeds on corn. Our results showed these organic amendments are valuable potential as nutrient sources for corn production and allow our farmers to recycle livestock and municipal waste products; however, they could also increase weed competition. These findings can use to improve organic fertilization as an essential part of integrated weed management.Item Open Access Responses of caprifig genotypes to water stress and recovery(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2013-10-21) Rostami, Ahmad Ali; Majid, RahemiCaprifig (Ficus carica L.) as pollen sources play a major role in fig breeding programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate responses of four caprifig genotypes (‘Dane Sephid’, ‘Pouz Donbali’, ‘Shah Anjiri’, and ‘Khormaei’) to water stress and rewatering cycles. Water stress was applied to one-year-old caprifig cuttings by withholding irrigation for 14 days and was followed by a 10-day rewatering period. Growth parameters of the genotypes were significantly reduced under water stress period. Results indicated that water stress significantly reduced relative water content (RWC) and leaf water potential (ΨLeaf), and the lowest values were found in ‘Dane Sephid’. Electrolyte leakage increased in parallel to decrease of leaf RWC and ΨLeaf, and EL was significantly higher in the leaves of ‘Dane Sephid’. On the contrary to inorganic osmolytes, water stress enhanced proline accumulated in the leaves of caprifig genotypes with the exception to ‘Dane Sephid’. After the rewatering period growth indices of ‘Khormaei’ and ‘Shah Anjiri’ were recovered to the control level. The data suggested 'Khormaei' and 'Shah Anjiri' have higher drought tolerance. The mechanism underlying the drought tolerance in caprifigs may result from their capacity of osmoregulation and maintaining cell health status.