Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences

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Biogas potential in Görükle campus of Uludağ University
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2016-10-08) Alibaş, İlknur; Erdoğan, Hilal; Yılmaz, Aslıhan; Alibaş, Kamil; Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
In this study, the potential of animal manure of the Application Research Centres of the Faculty of Agriculture and the Ranch of Veterinary Medicine and located within the boundaries of Görükle Campus at Uludağ University, the waste of rapeseed, sunflower, and wheat production of the Agricultural Research and Application Centre at the Agricultural Faculty and food waste of all dining halls, restaurants and cafeterias, particularly the Central Dining Hall, situated on the campus was determined in order to determine the biogas potential of the campus. As the dry matter, based on the organic waste potential, the biogas potential relating of the campus was calculated to be 499962.91 m 3 . It was determined that 17.95% of this potential consisted of animal manure, 46.15% of it consisted of agricultural production waste and 35.90% of it consisted of food waste. It was calculated that the electric energy potential obtained by transforming the biogas potential into electric energy by means of a generator was 980.22 MWh.
Determination of enteric methane emissions from cattle production by using Tier-2 method
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-08-09) Yaylı, Büşra; Kılıç, İlker; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
Livestock farms are known to be important greenhouse gas producers. Especially in the agriculture sector, the most important sourceof anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission is ruminant animals. In recent studies of dairy cattle, it is noted that most of the formation of CH4 gas occurs as a result of enteric fermentation. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the CH4 emissions resulting from enteric fermentation of cattle during the 2004-2020 period in Turkey. The Tier-2 method adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was used adopted for data generation and calculation of emission factors for the calculation of CH4 emissions forenteric fermentation in cattle. Based on the study results, the required gross energy (GE) value and enteric fermentation emission factors (EF) were calculated according to cattle sub-categories. It has been observed that methane gas emission from cattle as a resultof enteric fermentation has followed a fluctuating course in the last 16 years in Turkey. Methane emissions of 541 kT to 907 kT CH4gas emissions were calculated. Methane emission can be suppressed by changes made in feed rations, added oil and various additivesto reduce methane emissions in the rumen. In addition, breeding high yielding species with low methane production is one of the strategies that can reduce methane formation.
Determination of microwave and convective drying characteristics of coriander leaves
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2017-07-04) Yılmaz, Aslıhan; Alibaş, İlknur; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
Coriander leaves, which weighs 50 ±0.07 g with moisture of 7.531 ± 0.411 [kg(moisture) kg-1 (dry matter)], were dried using three drying methods, microwave, convective and natural drying. Drying continued until leaves moisture was reduced to 0.102 ± 0.0002 [kg(moisture) kg-1 (dry matter)]. Drying treatments in microwave drying powers were 100, 500 and 1000 W and drying periods lasted 9 – 76 min for microwave drying. While natural drying was lasted for 6 days, convective drying (50°C) was continued for 169 minutes. In this study, measured values of moisture were compared with predicted values obtained from several thin-layer equations. The best model for both 1000 W and 100 W microwave drying was Alibas’s model. Whereas the best model was determined as Verma’s model at 500 W, the most appropriate model was modified Henderson Pabis’s model in convective drying at 50°C. The optimum drying period, color and chlorophyll content were obtained by using the microwave drying at 500 W.
Determination of vacuum and air drying characteristics of celeriac slices
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2012) Alibaş, İlknur; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
Celeriac slices (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum) weighing 100 g with moisture of 14.39 on a dry basis (kg[H2O].kg-1[DM]) were dried using vacuum drying. Drying was continued until leaf moisture fell to 0.1 on a dry basis (kg[H2O].kg-1[DM]). Six different pressures (0.1, 3, 7, 10, 13 and 17 kPa) and three different temperatures (55, 65, and 75°C) were used in the vacuum drying process. Air drying experiments were carried out at three different temperatures, 55, 65, and 75°C. In this study, measured values were compared with predicted values obtained from Page’s semi-empirical equation. The drying periods lasted 70-300 and 220-340 minutes for vacuum and air drying, respectively. Energy consumption was 1.01-2.00 and 0.84 -1.07 kWh for vacuum and air drying, respectively. Vacuum drying at 0.1 kPa and 75°C provided the optimal results with respect to drying period, colour, and energy consumption.
Ecovillage design and applicability to Akçalar district of Bursa
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-09-19) Kılıç, Melike Yalılı; Kılıç, İlker; Adalı, Sümeyye; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
Today, with the change in consumption habits, the decrease in natural resources causes concerns about meeting future generations of these resources. Ecovillages, which are the representatives of self-sufficient life culture and ensuring the sustainability of natural resources, stand out as an important initiative in preserving the natural balance and ensuring a sustainable nature-human relationship. In this study, successful ecovillage initiatives in the world and our country have been examined, and the applicability of ecovillage in Akçalar District, located in the Nilufer-Bursa, has been evaluated in terms of the biogas energy potential that can be obtained from animal wastes. It has been determined that 730 cattle waste in the farms located in the neighborhood, which is developed in animal production, have a daily biogas potential of 1505.625 m³. This potential in electricity generation can be provided annual electrical energy of 2547517.5 kWh.
The effect of greenhouse structural features on the determination of greenhouse insurance premium
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-11-21) Şen, Bora; Gündoğdu, Kemal Sulhi; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0002-5591-4788
The structures that are built to create suitable environments for growing plants by controlling environmental conditions by artificial means are called greenhouses. Greenhouses should be made in accordance with the characteristics of the geographical and climatic conditions in the regions to be established. Some of the important parameters here are the roof geometry of the greenhouse, the profile thickness to be used, the direction of the greenhouse installation, the geographical terrain and the height of the flooded wall. In our country, where tropical climate characteristics have been observed recently, it has become increasingly common for greenhouse growers to apply for greenhouse insurance against natural disasters. In addition to the severity of the natural disaster, the static resistance properties of the greenhouse are also effective in the amount of damage that occurs in greenhouses in natural disasters. The level of being affected by natural disasters will be different between the greenhouse built by the standards and the greenhouse built without complying with the standards. For this reason, it would be more appropriate to determine the insurance premium value according to the strength characteristics of the greenhouse. In this study, the features of SERAPRO software, which is tried to be developed for projecting and evaluating greenhouses, have been introduced. With the software in question, it will be possible to project the greenhouse with the most suitable construction features and to produce an analysis report showing the status of the existing greenhouses. According to the results of the analysis, it is thought that the greenhouse insurance policies already issued by TARSİM will be charged with more scientific scaling.
The effect of plant density and irrigation regime on net income of sweet corn
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-09-23) Kuşçu, Hayrettin; Seçme, Halis; Chote, Barke Hussein; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0001-9600-7685; 0000-0002-4113-7180
This study was conducted to determine the effect of two plant density (low: 57000 and high: 95000 plant ha-1 ) and three irrigation levels (all of the water evaporated from a class A pan (Epan): 3/3 Epan, 2/3 Epan, and 1/3 Epan) on the net income of sweet corn. Field experiments were carried out with the Challenger F1 sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) variety in Bursa conditions in the Marmara region of Turkey in 2017. As a result of study, the amount of irrigation water applied to the experimental treatments via a drip irrigation system varied between 148 and 444 mm. Relatively higher average fresh ear yield (20.76 t ha-1 ) was obtained at high plant density under different irrigation levels. On the other hand, the average yield of 3/3 Epan irrigation treatment (22.59 t ha-1 ) under different plant density was found to be statistically higher (P<0.05) compared to other irrigation levels. With the decrease in irrigation level, the fresh ear yield also decreased. The total production costs, including the application of water by drip irrigation system were determined to vary between 2743 and 3000 US$ ha-1 . The highest net income per unit area was obtained from the treatment 3/3 Epan irrigation at high plant density with 1846 US$ ha-1 , followed by the treatment 2/3 Epan. Net income per unit area at low plant density ranged from 350 to 1292 US$ ha-1 . The decrease in the irrigation level decreased the income per unit area. The net income values obtained in return for the unit irrigation water amount were determined as the lowest being 0.24 US$ m-3 for 1/3 Epan irrigation treatment and low plant density, while the highest was determined as 0.50 US$ m-3 for 2/3 Epan irrigation treatment and high plant density. According to the results obtained from the experiment, under 95000 plant ha-1 when there is a land restriction, the irrigation regime in which all the evaporated water from the A class pan is taken as a reference, and in the areas with irrigation water restriction, 2/3 Epan irrigation regime can be recommended.
Effects of different irrigation levels on yield and yield components of drip irrigated popcorn
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-03-23) Tüfekçi, Ali; Kuşçu, Hayrettin; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
In areas of water scarcity, plant responses to soil water levels should be investigated to improve crop water productivity. This study was carried out to determine the effects of different irrigation levels on yield and some yield components using the drip irrigation method of popcorn (Zea mays L. everta R427) in sub-humid climate conditions in western Turkey. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Four different irrigation treatments were studied: 100% (S1, pan-crop coefficient kpc=1.00), 75% (S2, kpc=0.75), 50% (S3, kpc=0.50), and 25% (S4, kpc=0.25) of the evaporation measured in the Class-A pan. The amount of irrigation water applied varied between 126-516 mm, and crop evapotranspiration was between 245-590 mm. While the highest grain yield (486.2 kg da-1) was obtained from the S1 irrigation treatment, followed by S2. The yield decreased owing to the decrease in irrigation level. Thousand-grain weight, ear diameter, ear length, single-ear weight, number of rows per ear, and plant height values in the S1 and S2 irrigation treatments were higher than the S3 and S4. It was concluded that the Class-A pan could be used to schedule popcorn irrigation, and 75% of evaporation from Class-A pan would be enough for irrigation. In this condition, around 25% savings in irrigation water and a 20% decrease in crop evapotranspiration could be achieved. In comparison, a decrease of 6% in grain yield and an enhancement in water productivity could be attained.
Efficiency and cost-effectiveness of weed flaming in orchards
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-08-23) Tursun, Nihat; Arslan, Selçuk; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
The objective of this study was to determine the response and cost of weed flaming in different fruit orchards. Six different propane doses (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 kg ha-¹) were applied to determine the response of 6 dicotyledon and 3 monocotyledon weed species toflaming in apricot, walnut, and mixed fruit orchard. Dose-response relationships were determined using log-logistic model for 50%, 80%, and 90% control rates at 1, 7 and 14 days after treatment (DAT) at 2–4, 6–8 and 10–12 leaf (L) growth stages. Flaming at early stage of weed growth (2–4 L) resulted in 90% control of all dicotyledon weeds at 14 DAT with propane doses ranging from 35.0 to 65.8kg ha-¹, while this range was from 28.6 to 54.9 kg ha-¹ at 80%, suggesting approximately 15–20% less propane use for 80% weed control compared to 90% control. Monocotyledon weeds were resistant to thermal stress even at 2–4 L stage and could be controlled at 14 DAT with propane dose from 125.7 to 210.9 kg ha-¹ at 90% control rate and 74.6 to 133.4 kg ha-¹ at 80% control rate. The cost of weedflaming was compared to the spraying application using partial budgeting method. Flaming costs (30.6 and 34.4 $ ha-¹) for dicotyledonweeds at 80% and 90% weed control rates were comparable to herbicide application at 2-4 L stage, whereas flaming was found costly than chemical spraying at other growth stages for any weed species.
The importance of interview on the land consolidation projects: The case study in Kesik Village
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-08-23) Kirmikil, Müge; Terzioğlu, Bilge; Durgut, Aleyna; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
Land consolidation practices are the most effective method applied to solve the problem of land fragmentation in our country, as in many countries of the world. However, it is an essential tool of rural development that aims to improve the forms of parcels and provide agricultural infrastructure services to increase production in agriculture and ensure the well-being of rural residents. As part of land consolidation projects, one-on-one interviews are conducted with land owners (participants) who have a parcel in the project area. Theinter view study is essential to obtain up-to-date in the formation, such as the use cases of parcels in the project area, the presence offixed facilities, the characteristics of parcels, and the operating conditions. By interviewing all participants in the project area separately, preferences are taken for the new location of each parcel in response to the parcels they have. When receiving thesepreferences, their ans wers should be taken with care by asking special quests, such as where and how the new parcels will be, whetherthey want to divide or merge the parcels if they are shares. This stage is critical, as all the wishes, arrangements, and personal thought sare expected within the scope of land consolidation are determined in the interview. It is unlikely that the first request of participant swill always be fulfilled. Balancing blocks in a single-request deployment may not be possible. Therefore, especially from participantswith more than one parcel, second and third requests must be received. Interview work is a crucial stage that affects the success of the project. For this reason, the interview work should be carefully applied by the project engineers to reflect complete, up-to-date, andaccurate information. However, due to the interview work performed wit hout due care, the special situations indicated by theparticipant in the interview can be ignored, which negatively affects the duration of the project. In this study, data from the landconsolidation project carried out in Kesik village of Yeşilhisar District of Kayseri province were used. It was found that the number of parcels in the project area before land consolidation was 2136, while after land consolidation, this number fell to 1562 parcels. The interview participation rate in the study is 88%. However, 65% of those polled had a single choice. As a result of the preferences, 238 parcels belonging to 137 enterprises were not distributed to their preferences, the interviews of these parcels were examined, and the reasons were examined. The results of the interviews were interpreted to reveal the importance of the interview studies.
Mathematical modeling of ultrasound pretreated carrot slices
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019-03-20) Polat, Ahmet; İzli, Nazmi; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
In this study, the effects of ultrasound pretreatment, air drying temperature and slice thickness on the drying kinetics of carrot were analyzed. Ultrasound pretreatments were applied to carrot samples of different slice thicknesses with for 0 (control), 20 and 40 minutes. All products were dried in the convection oven with constant air speed 1 m s-1 . The drying times varied from 260 to 110 minutes depending on the varying slice thicknesses, temperatures and the applied ultrasound pretreatments. In order to determine a suitable thin layer model for drying applications, 10 different mathematical models were fitted to the experimental results. The model was selected as the best model with the highest value of R 2 (Regression coefficient), lowest RMSE (Root mean square error) and χ2 (Chi-square). As a result of the statistical evaluation, it was determined that the Midilli et al. model is the most suitable model for explaining the convective drying characteristics of carrot according to other models. Consequently, ultrasound pretreatment can be used as a favorable method for reducing the drying time of the carrots in the convective process.
Physical and classification characteristics of soybean (Glycine max CV.) varieties
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-10-19) Gürcan, İsmail Safa; Erdoğan, Hilal; Halil, Ünal; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0002-0387-2600; 0000-0001-5830-2050
In this study, physical and classification characteristics of 10 different soybean grains (Glycine max cv. A-3127, Ataem-7, Dery, Galina, Rubin, S-1, Umut-2002, Vojvodjanka, Yemsoy and Yeşilsoy) in storage moisture content were examined. These physical characteristics such as: average length, weight, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, weight of thousand grains, bulk and true densities, porosity, terminal velocity, rupture force and coefficient of static friction. Results showed that ‘Umut-2002’ variety had highest length (8.07 mm), width (7.00 mm) and heavy (205.2 mg) than the other varieties, while ‘Yeşilsoy’ variety had the highest thickness (5.80 mm) and the roundest (91.4%). The grain variety with the highest bulk density was identified as ‘Dery’. True density and porosity values were observed to be the highest grain variety ‘Ataem-7’. ‘Dery’ variety which is the highest terminal velocity and rupture force value among other varieties. The ‘Rubin’ variety has been found to have the highest static coefficient of friction on all surfaces among all other varieties. Used dendrogram from single linkage nearest neighbour agglomerative cluster analysis which groups ten soybean varieties. Four different clusters of soybean varieties were obtained. The ‘Ataem-7’ variety can be regarded as a separate species from the others.
A research on solar based renewable energy production
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2018-07-30) Szczutkowski, Marek; Vardar, Ali; Biçen, Tuğba; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
Increasing consumption of fossil energy resources, which has become a general problem of our world, has led to researches on renewable energy sources as an alternative in developed and developing countries. In this article, the integration problems of population, economy, state politics and solar-based renewable energy production that affect the energy production and consumption of developed and developing countries have been addressed. In this study, the total electricity consumption and production in China, India, USA, Germany and Turkey along with the renewable energy and the value of solar energy in electricity production are considered. Among the countries discussed in the study, the share of electricity production of renewable energycan be seen in light of these data that Turkey has the highest values with 32%. Turkey is followed by Germany with 30%, China with 24%, India with 15% and US with 13%.
A research on the meet of energy needs in broiler plant with solar panels
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019-03-20) Erden, Sena; Aydin, Merve; Taşkın, Onur; Vardar, Ali; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
One of the biggest problems of today's enterprises is the high-value electricity costs. In order to solve this problem, solutions should be developed based on solar energy projects. Moreover, by selling after the self-consumption to the grid can be obtained more profit. This study includes the investigation of the rooftop of broiler plant with solar energy system. As a result, the total energy consumption of the plant was calculated as 46782 kWhyear-1 . To cover the consumption, 508 pieces (250 Watt) polycrystalline solar panels were used. The panels can be generate a total energy of 161536 kWhyear-1 . It is foreseen that a total energy of 114754 kWhyear-1 can be supply to the grid and 15264 $year-1 income can be obtain. The payback period of the system was found 5.9 years.
Satellite remote sensing-based irrigation performance assessment of the Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation area in Bursa, Türkiye
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2023-01-20) Gündoğdu, Kemal Sulhi; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0002-5591-4788
Given the increasing pressure on water for agricultural irrigation, coupled with unpredictable climate conditions, it is critically important to improve irrigation water management for sustain crop production. Satellite remote sensing (RS)-based approaches are helpful for investigating cost-effectively spatio-temporal variations of irrigation performance at scales ranging from individual fields to the entire scheme level. Using Landsat images within the Python module for the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land model, it was investigated the spatiotemporal performance variations of the Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation area during 2020 cropping season. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa), Uniformity of Water Consumption (UWC), and Crop Water Productivity (CWP) performance indicators were evaluated. The results showed that the performance of the Mustafakemalpaşa varied depending on the geographical position in the irrigation area. Our findings highlight the opportunity to improve the uniformity of water consumption in the area. Based on this study, PySEBAL can serve as basis for improved Mustafakemalpaşa irrigation water management in decision support tools.
Selection of a the best suitable thin-layer drying mathematical model for vacuum dried red chili pepper
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2012) Alibas, Ilknur; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
Red Chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) with 50 (±0.02) g weight and 6.12 ± (0.02) humidity on dry basis were dried in vacuum oven using combined 2 different temperature (50 - 75°C) and 3 different pressure (0.05, 7 and 13 kPa) until the humidity fell down to 0.16 ± (0.01) on dry basis. Vacuum drying processes were completed between 3 and 19.17 h. In this study, measured values were compared with predicted values obtained from twenty one thin layer drying theoretical/semi-empirical/empirical equations. Models whose coefficient of correlation (R2 ) values are highest were chosen to be the best models. According to this, the best models of combined 50°C temperature with vacuum levels (0.05, 7 and 13 kPa) was found to be “Modified Henderson & Pabis” Model, combined 75°C temperature with vacuum levels (0.05, 7 and 13 kPa) was found to be “Alibas” Model.
A study on drought analysis using time series, standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in Bursa region
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-10-19) Uysal, Gülce Arıkan; Gündoğdu, Kemal Sulhi; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0002-5591-4788
All agricultural activities are directly related to the climate. In recent years, temperature increases and changes in precipitation regimes adversely affect the Mediterranean Basin, including Türkiye. While increasing temperatures and irregular precipitation rise the need for irrigation in crop production in some regions, excessive and irregular rainfall in some areas seriously damages production. Nowadays, climate change has been accepted by many climate scientists as a problem that cannot be ignored. In our country, drought is one of the natural disasters that will affect agricultural production the most. In this study, a drought analysis was made for Bursa, one of Türkiye’s important cities in agricultural production. In addition, non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen's Trend Analyzes were conducted between 1990 - 2019 for precipitation and temperature values. According to the trend analysis results, statistically significant trends could not be reached in the precipitation data; increasing trends were observed in the temperature data. SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) and SPEI (Standardized Precipitation and Evapotanspiration Index) methods were used for drought analysis; although extreme values were reached for the years 1960 – 2019 due to both ways, it was determined that normal drought levels were dominant in general.
Treatment of ammonia from animal barns by using biofilter
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-08-09) Kılıç, İlker; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
As a result of intensive animal production, decomposition of manure due to various microorganism activities, and metabolic activities of the animal, many gases, especially ammonia, are released. These gases are thrown into the atmosphere cause many environmentalproblems. This study, it was aimed to treat ammonia originating from animal barns by biofilter. In the study, tree bark, compost, and sawdust were used as biofilter materials. These biological materials were mixed in specific proportions, brought to 80% moisture content, and placed into the biofilter. Ammonia was introduced into the biofilter filled with biological material. Ammonia concentrations in the air leaving the biofilter were measured at nine points by placing multiple gas meters on the front of the biofilter. Moisture content, dry matter content, pH, salinity, and temperature values were determined by taking samples from the biofiltermaterial before and after treatment. According to the study results, the highest treatment efficiency was 98.4% at the first measurement point and the lowest treatment efficiency with 89.4% at the sixth point. An average of 94% treatment efficiency wasachieved at all measurement points. As a result of the analyzes, it was observed that the pH and temperature values of the biofiltermaterial did not change significantly before and after the treatment. However, the salinity values changed significantly. In the lightof ammonia treatment rates, it can be said that the biofilter developed in this study is useful for animal barns. But biofilter is open to improvement using new biofilter materials.
Watershed characteristics and synthetic unit hydrographs determination using geographical information systems
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-03-26) Bantchina, Béré Benjamin; Gündoğdu, Kemal Sulhi; Ziraat Fakültesi; Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü
Precipitations and discharges are keys data in river watershed studies. In Nilüfer Dam Watershed, the flow values are measured every hour, whereas the cumulative rainfall values are recorded daily by the Public Water Management Department (DSİ). This study aimed to determine the characteristics of Nilüfer Dam Watershed and Synthetic Unit Hydrographs using Geographical Information Systems. The DSI synthetic method, Mockus method, and Snyder synthetic method were used in this study. For these three methods, the results showed a slightly significant difference between the discharge peaks of the resulting unit hydrographs. The highest discharge peak was achieved by the DSI Synthetic method (Qp = 4.40 m3/sec/mm) and the smallest by the Mockus method (Qp = 3.75 m3/sec/mm). The Mockus method achieved the longest basin lag time (Tp = 5.95 hours), and the shortest basin lag time was acquired by the Snyder method (Tp = 4.8 hours). This study suggests using synthetic methods for unit hydrographs determination in watersheds where there is no measured data.

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