Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences

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Developing environmental sensitivity for children scale: reliability and validity studies
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Başal, Handan Asude; Doğan, Yadigar; Atasoy, Emin; Eğitim Fakültesi; İlköğretim Bölümü
This study a This study aims to develop an Environmental Sensitivity Scale for pupils aged between 9-15 who attend primary School. In an attempt to develop questionnaire items, the relevant literature has been reviewed, and the studies of the researchers of Environmental Science and Education have been investigated. In order to ensure the reliability of 90-item-Likert scale which has been administered to an experimental group consisting of 4th and 5th grade students in primary school twice with one-week intervals through the method of Scale Test-Retest. Both subject scoresobtained from the two different administrations of environmental sensitivity scale were tested by means of Pearson-moment correlation technique and a correlation coefficient of .72 has been found. In addition, students’ enviromental sensitivity was measured by both Children’s Environmental Attitude and Knowledge Scale which was developed by Leeming and Dwyer (1995) and the Environmental Sensitivity Scale for Children. The data were analysed by Pearson-moment correlation technique with a correlation coefficient of .64. These two findings indicate that the reliability and validity coefficients of the scale developed by the researcher are quite high.
A study on araneo-fauna (arachnida: araneae) of Görükle campus area (Bursa)
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Kaya, Rahşen S.; Uğurtaş, İsmail Hakkı; Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi; Biyoloji Bölümü
In this research, spider specimens collected from Görükle Campus area between 2000 and 2001. A total of 687 adults were collected, and 69 spider species belong to 52 genera in 23 families were recorded.
Efficiency of polyvalant mastitis vaccine in lactating dairy cows
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Tek, Hasan Basri; Keskin, Abdülkadir; İntaş, Kamil Seyrek; Tuna, Bilginer; Yılmazbaş, Gülnaz; Özakın, Cüneyt; Ertaş, Sacit; Veteriner Fakültesi; Mikrobiyoloji ve Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları Ana Bilim Dalı
The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of a polyvalent mastitis vaccine under field conditions. Dairy cows (n=218) that had not been previously received a mastitis vaccine were separated into two treatment groups; vaccine (n=111) and control (n=107) in four different dairy farms. Initially, individual Somatic Cell Count (SCC), California Mastitis Tests (CMT) scores and clinical mastitis (CM) cases were detected. Two doses of the vaccine, 4 weeks apart, were administered in vaccine group by intramuscular injection. Cows in control group were received physiological saline. After the treatments, animals were examined monthly for SCC, CMT and CM during six months. In addition, milk samples were also taken from udder quarters of the cows with CMT +3 scores and CM for bacteriological examination. SCC of vaccine group was lower (P<0.056) than the control at the end of the study. CM rates were not significant in the vaccine (26.1%) and control (18.7%) groups. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolations from milk samples of udder quarters with CMT (+3) scores were not different in the vaccine (25.8%) and control (34.8%) groups. Streptecoccus uberis (S. uberis), Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CNS) and Streptecoccus spp. intamammary infection (IMI) isolation rates was not different between groups. Thus, polyvalent mastitis vaccine did not have enough protective effect against mastitis, nevertheless CM that occured in vaccine group seemed to have fewer inflamation degrees.
Effect of salinity, temperature, pH and crude oil concentration on biodegradation of crude oil by pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Thavasi, Rengathavasi; Jayalakshmi, Singaram; Balasubramanian, Thangavel; Banat, İbrahim M.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of culture conditions on biodegradation of crude oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was isolated from sea water using Bushnell Haas agar supplemented with 0.1% crude oil. The strain was cultured at different temperature, pH a salinity and crude oil concentrations. Maximum growth and biodegradation occurred at 38oC, pH 8.0, 35‰ and 2.0% of crude oil. Addition of fertilizer at 0.1% concentration resulted increase in growth and biodegradation rate. Emulsification experiment revealed that P. aeruginosa showed good emulsification activity against waste motor lubricant oil, crude oil, peanut oil, diesel, kerosene, naphthalene, anthracene and xylene. Results obtained from the biodegradation experiments at different culture condition revealed that, each factor is having significant impact on biodegradation. Biodegradation of crude oil and emulsification of eight different hydrocarbons by P. aeruginosa indicated the potentiality of the strain.
Allergenic fungal spore concentrations in the atmosphere of Bursa, Turkey
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Ataygül, Elif; Celenk, Sevcan; Canıtez, Yakup; Bıcakcı, Adem; Malyer, Hulusi; Sapan, Nihat; Tıp Fakültesi; Biyoloji Bölümü
The daily distribution of allergic fungal spores for Bursa during 1999 was established using a 7-day volumetric Lanzoni trap. Ten of the important allergic fungal spores (Cladosporium sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp. / Penicillum sp., Fusarium sp., Epicoccum sp., Drechslera sp., Pithomyces sp., Stemphylium sp., Chaetomium sp. and Curvularia sp.) were identified. The dominant spore types detected were Cladosporium 88.11%, Alternaria 4.99%, Aspergillus / Penicillum 4.65%., Fusarium 0.84%, Epicoccum 0.62%, Drechslera 0.24%, Pithomyces 0.15%, Stemphylium 0.14%, Chaetomium 0.13% and Curvularia 0.13%. Spore levels of Cladosporium, Alternaria and Aspergillus / Penicillum peaked throughout the year. Fusarium April- June, Epicoccum June-August, Dreschlera July, September, Pithomycetes March, June and August, Stemphylium June-July, Chatemium May, July, Curvularia peaked July. In conclusion, a range of allergenic fungal spores were present in the air of Bursa throughout the year.
A review on entomopathogenic nematodes in Turkey
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Susurluk, İ. Alper; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are considered as potential biological control agents against soil-borne insect pests in the world. There are also some studies on EPNs in Turkey. The purpose of this review is to clarify the current situation of EPNs in Turkey. Initial study on EPNs has started in 1995 in Turkey and several survey studies have been performed primarily on the extraction and identification of EPNs. Five steinernematid and two heterorhabditid species have been identified to date from Turkey. There have been also studies examining the activity of EPNs against several insect. Furthermore, ecological studies including host finding behaviour and reproductive potential of EPNs are also performed. In conclusion, the potential of EPNs in biological control should be evaluated, and policies of government on EPNs should be also regulated in agricultural strategies.
Chemical composition, metabolizable energy and digestibility in pea seeds of differing testa and flower colors
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Canbolat, Önder; Tamer, Ece; Acikgoz, Esvet; Ziraat Fakültesi; Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü
Chemical composition, tannin content, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and their relations with gas production were assessed in pea seeds of differing testa and flower color in 2003 and 2004. The pea genotypes were classified in five testa colors (white, light green, dark green, dark green-brown and brown-black) or in two flower colors (white and purple). Wide variation existed in the chemical composition of the investigated individual pea genotypes between testa color or flower color groups. Crude protein content for pea seed samples varied from 192.3 to 262.1 g kg-1 with average N-free extract of 667.4 g kg-1, crude fiber of 65.1 g kg-1 and ether extract of 21.4 g kg-1. In general, crude protein content was higher in dark green-brown and dark brown-black seeded and in purple flowered genotypes. Dark testa colored pea genotypes had higher tannin content in both years; however this variation was not statistically significant. Purple flowered genotypes had significantly higher tannin content than the white flowered genotypes. White and green seeded peas with white flowers had consistently higher metabolizable energy than dark brown or black seeds with purple flowers, with an average of 12.6 MJ/kg DM for white seeds and 11.3 MJ/kg DM for dark brown black seeds. Organic matter digestibility showed a similar pattern to metabolizable energy. Gas production profiles showed variations in both rate and extent of gas production among the pea groups. Gas production from white and green seeded or white flowered genotypes was always higher than those of dark seeded or purple flowered genotypes. The correlation coefficients between tannin content and metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and gas production were weak and mostly non-significant.
Sizing agents recovery by ultrafiltration: effects of operating conditions
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Kayar, Hacer Mirzalı; Aniş, Pervin; Eren, Hüseyin Aksel; Tekstil Mühendisliği Bölümü
The recycling of polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate and carboxymethylstarch based sizing agents by ultrafiltration, and the parameters influencing the process were investigated in this study. The performance of the ultrafiltration process has been comparatively investigated at four different temperatures, 20°C, 30°C, 60°C and 90°C, and six different time periods, 0 to 240 minutes with 40 minutes intervals. The effect of a lubricant has also been investigated. Results indicate a considerable increase in concentrate concentration with prolonged operating times and elevated temperatures. The use of lubricant did not have a considerable effect on UF recovery efficiency, however, it passed to the permeate at elevated temperatures resulting in decrease in the COD charge reduction.
Landfill leachate treatment by the combination of physicochemical methods with adsorption process
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-04-01) Kılıç, Melike Yalılı; Kestioğlu, Kadir; Yonar, Taner; Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi; Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü
The pretreatment with lime, ammonia stripping, chemical coagulation and activated carbon adsorption were used respectively for Bursa region leachate in this study. It was used that the first alternative, pretreatment with lime+ammonia stripping+neutralization were operated. This alternative achieved 19% COD removal and performed the capital and annual operating costs of $175 m-3 and $5 m-3, respectively. In this study, the second alternative included chemical coagulation+ammonia stripping+granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. This alternative flow scheme achieved to produce an effluent COD of 160 mg L-1, which complied with Turkish discharge standard for receiving media and capital&annual operating cost were estimated to be $383 m-3 and $18 m-3, respectively. Consequently, the second alternative was determined to be appropriate according to discharge standard. But, it’s capital and operating costs are very high for discharge to surface water. The following pretreatment with lime, co-treatment with municipial waste water is appropriate for lower treatment costs. Recommended this solution shows suitable results about treatment ammonia and heavy metals. Furthermore this solution can help that the developing countries adopt landfill leachate treatment.
Lichen records from Southeast and East Anatolian region (Turkey)
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-04-01) Oran, Seyhan; Öztürk, Şule; Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi; Biyoloji Bölümü
In this study, 278 lichen specimens, collected from sixteen localities in Adıyaman, Ağrı, Batman, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Kars, Mardin and Şanlıurfa provinces, which located in Southeast and East Anatolian regions, were investigated. Onehundered and nine taxa were determined belonging to thirty six genera. Among the specimens that we are collected from the study region, 85 of them were reported previously. Our results indicated that 24 taxa are new to Southeast and East Anatolian region. Rinodina rinodinoides (Anzi) H. Mayrhofer & Scheid. is new record for Turkey.
Determination of binding sites of replication protein A (RPA) on the promoter of glycogen phosphorylase 2 gene in Dictyostelium discoideum
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-04-01) Çöl, Bekir; Rutherford, Charles L.
Replication protein A (RPA) has multifunctional roles in the cell including DNA replication, DNA repair, recombination and regulation of transcription. RPA has been identified in numerous organisms having a highly conserved protein structure, composed of three subunits of around 70, 32, and 14 kDa. The cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum, is a social amoeba used as a model organism in studies including the ones aimed at understanding cell differentiation and cellular pathways involved in human diseases and this organism has a homolog of RPA (DdRPA). Glycogen phosphorylase 2 (encoded by gp2) is involved in cell differentiation and DdRPA has been suggested to bind a part of the gp2 promoter as shown by gel shift assays. In this study, in vitro footprint analysis has been used to identify the binding sites of the DdRPA protein, purified from amoeba and slug stages of the organism, on the gp2 promoter. The results indicate that DdRPA binds to the nucleotides in the C box region, the TAG box region, TA box-1 (-608bp) and upstream regions (-636bp). Thus, DdRPA behaves like a general DNA binding protein under these conditions, binding to several regions on the gp2 promoter. However, the TAG box region has been identified as the binding region for the DdRPA from amoeba cells, but not for the DdRPA from slug cells. This suggests that DdRPA could possibly be involved in the regulation of gp2 gene expression during cell differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum.
A PCR- ELISA for the detection of Salmonella from chicken intestine
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-04-01) Eyigör, Ayşegül; Goncagül, Gülşen; Çarlı, K. Tayfun; Veteriner Fakültesi; Gıda Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi Bölümü
In this study, a Polymerase Chain Reaction Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (PCR-ELISA) was described to detect Salmonella DNA from selective primary enrichment culture of chicken intestine. Salmonella genus-specific PCR product was produced using invA-specific primers and digoxigenin by commercial PCR ELISA DIG Labelling and ELISA DIG Detection kits. PCR-ELISA detection limits with S. Enteritidis 64K DNA, pure culture, and with the intestinal homogenate artificiallycontaminated with this strain were found as 0.0079 µg ml-1, 50 cfu ml-1, and 70 cfu ml-1, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the assay was determined as 100% with the tests performed with 41 Salmonella enterica serovar DNAs, with non-Salmonella strains, Citrobacter sp., E. coli, Klebsiella sp., P. aeruginosa, and Streptococcus sp. DNAs, and with 124 tetrathionate broth enrichment cultures of Salmonella-contaminated chicken intestinal samples. We suggest that this PCR-ELISA detection could be an alternative method to detect Salmonella-specific DNA from chicken intestine, and it would find use particularly in highsample throughput laboratories in the poultry sector.
A new record for the flora of Turkey: Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (Orchidaceae)
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-04-01) Daşkın, Ruziye; Yılmaz, Özer; Kaynak, Gönül; Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi; Biyoloji Bölümü
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (Orchidaceae) subsp. maculata is collected from Uludağ Mountain (Bursa, Turkey) and is reported for the first time for the Flora of Turkey. The description of the species has also been expanded, following collection of specific plant materials. A comparison between our specimens and Dactylorhiza nieschalkiorum H. Baumann & Künkele - the closest species to these specimens - is provided, and their distributions in Turkey are shown on a map.
A faunistic study on spiders (Araneae) of Terzioğlu Island (Uluabat Lake, Bursa)
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-04-01) Kaya, Rahşen S.; Uğurtaş, İsmail Hakkı; Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi; Biyoloji Bölümü
Terzioğlu Island of Uluabat Lake (Bursa), west part of Turkey, was surveyed for Araneae between September 2003 and July 2005. This work represents the most recent spider faunal survey of Terzioğlu Island. Spiders of 35 species belonging to 33 genera and 16 families were collected. The Palearctic species are dominant in the island. Glyptogona sextuberculata (Keyserling, 1863) of family Araneidae and Cyrba algerina (Lucas, 1846) of family Salticidae are new records to the Turkish araneofauna.
Enzyme-related aflatoxin production in vital organs of rats fed with Aspergillus species- inoculated rat chow
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-04-01) Fapohunda, Stephen Oyedele; Awoyinka, Olayinka Anthony; Olajuyigbe, Olufunmiso Olusola; Ezekiel, Chibundu Ngozi; Esiaba, Ijeoma
Wister strain Albino rats were fed with 40 mL distilled water and 20g of rat chow inoculated with Aspergillus tamarii Kita IMI 393765 and Aspergillus flavus Link IMI 393766 daily for 7 days. A progressive weight loss and reduced sluggishness accompanied very high activity at OD 540 of hepato-specific enzymes-Glutamate oxalate transaminase and Glutamate pyruvate transaminase in the heart and kidney of rats having continuous 7-day contact with Aspergillus flavus. Statistical analyses revealed significance at 0.05 % level of probability. A corresponding high aflatoxin level (above 20 ppb) was also determined in all the vital organs. Both enzyme and aflatoxin levels were comparatively lower in the liver and perforations were recorded in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to content leakage. Lower values, though higher than the control, were recorded in those fed on Aspergillus tamarii-inoculated rat chow, which also experienced no GI tract damage.
Characterization, classification and agricultural usage of vertisols developed on neogen aged calcareous marl parent materials
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-04-01) Özsoy, Gökhan; Aksoy, Ertuğrul; Ziraat Fakültesi; Toprak Bölümü
Vertisols that strongly influenced by argillipedoturbation, contain high levels of plant nutrients and well productive when irrigated. However, owing to their high clay content, they are not well suited to cultivation without painstaking management. The aim of this research was to determine physical, chemical and morphological properties and classification of the Vertisols formed on neogene clay lime deposits under intensive agricultural actives in the Bursa province which is the fourth most industrialized and populated city in Turkey. Vertisols comprise 23.693 hectares or 2,1 percent of the land area of Bursa Province. Most of the Vertisols are under the rain-fed agriculture practices and cereals (wheat and barley), tobaccos, and sunflowers are the most important cash crops. Some of them are irrigated for horticultural crops (tomato, pepper and onion) and sugar beets production. According to findings from preliminary field-works and the existing maps and reports, eleven different soil profiles formed on the neogene aged calcareous marl parent materials were described and sampled. All studied Vertisols are found to be generally deep, dark colored with strong wedge-shaped structure, high in CEC and base saturation with calcium and magnesium occupying more than 90 percent of the exchange site, low organic material and have sufficient amounts of nutrients for crops. The agricultural potential of the soils were also found to be limited due to high clay and CaCO3 contents of sub surface horizons, steep slopes and a hard pan formation due to inappropriate soil tilling. On the basis of morphological and physicochemical analysis, soil profiles were classified as a Typic and Chromic Haploxerert according to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 1975 and 1999) and as an Eutric Vertisol according to FAO/Unesco Soil Map of the World Legend (FAO/Unesco, 1974 and 1990) classification systems.
Trace element concentrations in breast milk and sera: Relations with lactation
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-12-01) Özkan, Tanju Başarır; Durmaz, Neslihan; Erdemir, Gülin; İlçöl, Yeşim Özarda; Tıp Fakültesi; Biyokimya Ana Bilim Dalı
Breast milk has unique properties; one is the variability of the compounds in ratio according to the baby’s needs for every lactation period. Iron and zinc are essential elements for life. The aim of this study is to determine Fe and Zn levels in plasma and breast milk of mothers through the first 4 months after delivery and to evaluate its relation with infants’ growth and immune system functions. The study conducted through January 2000 – April 2001 in Bursa with 27 mother-infant couples. The babies grouped into two: Group 1 (n: 16) was formed by the breast milk fed babies, and Group 2 (n: 11) included the babies fed with both breast milk and formula. Besides clinical assessment of the babies, laboratory evaluations were performed on the sera of couples and breast milk. While the comparison of Zn level in colostrum with mature and late mature breast milk demonstrated a statistical significance (p<0.05), Fe had a similar trend without significance. Fe deficiency anemia was found in high percentages in both groups; 32.5% of Group1 and 27.7% of Group2 (p>0.05). Our study affirms the suggestion for Fe supplementation for healthy, term infants beginning from 4th month regardless of nutritional model.
The relationship between growth traits and egg weight in Pheasants (P. colchicus)
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-12-01) İpek, Aydın; Dikmen, Bilgehan Yılmaz; Keles Meslek Yüksekokulu; Hayvan Sağlığı ve Yetiştiriciliği Bölümü
The research was conducted to determine relationship between growth traits and egg weight in Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Pheasant eggs were separated into 3 weight groups. The eggs were classified as light (27.8-29.7g), medium (29.8-31.7g), heavy (31.8- 33.7g) weight. Eggs were incubated at 36.5 °C and 90 % relative humidity for 21 days during at which they were rotated hourly at an angle of 45°. Thereafter; these eggs were transferred into hatching machine during the last three days. A temperature of 36.0°C and relative humidity of 95 % were provided for the eggs at hatching period. Chicks at hatching were placed in separated pens as male and female mixed for each egg weight group. The effect of egg weight on chick weight at hatching, mean live weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency were found significant (P<0.01). The effect of egg weight on mortality was not significant. The chick weight at hatching in light, medium and heavy egg groups were determined as 19.5, 21.8 and 22.6 g, respectively. In the egg weight X sex groups the mean live weights were determined as 940.2, 1020.5, 1091.2 g for males and 705.6, 739. 4, 778.6 g for females, respectively at 16th wks of age. In the groups the mean feed consumption and feed efficiency were found 4200.6, 4600.8, 5080.1 g and 5.1, 5.2, 5.4 kg, respectively, at 16th wks of age mixed male and female pheasant.
The first isolation of Brucella melitensis from bovine aborted fetus in Turkey
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-12-01) Büyükcangaz, Esra; Şen, Ayşin; Veteriner Fakültesi; Mikrobiyoloji Bölümü
Between 2004 and 2005 in Marmara region, Turkey, 41 abortion cases from cattle was investigated by standard isolation procedures for determinating possible role of Brucella spp. The isolates from 8 (19.5 %) of 41 bovine abortion cases were identified as Brucella spp. Biotyping revealed that, 7 (87.5 %) isolates were B. abortus biotype 3 and one (12.5 %) was B. melitensis biotype 3. Since the isolation of B. melitensis from an aborted bovine fetus was not substantially reported in Turkey until now, this report may be considered one of the indicative studies.
Life tables of the olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on different host plants
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-12-01) Kumral, Nabi Alper; Kovancı, Bahattin; Akbudak, Bülent; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
The olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis (Hübner), is an important pest on olives, and also feeds on other host plants from the Oleaceae family. In this study, the development, survival and reproduction of P. unionalis were evaluated in the laboratory at 25°C and photoperiod of L:D = 16:8 on three host plants: olive (Olea europea L., cv. Gemlik), ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) and jasmine (Jasminum fruticans L.). Olive leaf moth larvae survived on all three host plants. The developmental time of immature stages ranged from 27.52 days on ash leaves to 30.00 days on olive leaves. Immature survival from egg to pupa was 72% on jasmine, 73% on olive and 74% on ash. The average number of eggs oviposited by adults from larvae reared on ash, jasmine and olive were 194.7, 321.8 and 390.3, respectively. The net reproductive rate of this species varied from 129.8 females/female on ash to 298.3 on olive. The intrinsic rate of population increase on ash, jasmine and olive was 0.148, 0.149 and 0.163 females/female/day, respectively. Palpita unionalis can complete its life cycle on all host plants, but ash was relatively less suitable because of the lower reproductive rate of the insects reared on it.

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