Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://hdl.handle.net/11452/16880

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Antifungal efficiency of biological control agents against phytopathogenic fungi
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2016-10-01) Şehirli, Sercan; Saydam, Cansu; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
In the present study, six different biological control agents were used against phytopathogenic fungi to determine the antifungal activities. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro activity of Trichoderma harzianum, T. harzianum-T. viride, Aureobasidium pullulans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis. These bio control agents were used against phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium culmorum, F. oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina, respectively. In vitro antagonism screening was carried out to test six antagonists against phytopathogenic fungi. Assessment of phytopathogenic fungi mycelial growth was done in 7 days at 25oC after its placement on the culture medium. The all antagonists were shown high inhibition on fungi mycelial growth. The most effective antagonist against fungi was T. harzianum and efficiency rate were continued with Bacillus subtilis, Aureobasidium pullulans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, respectively. Subsequently, in the second phase of in vitro, Captan, Maneb and Thiram were used to determine efficiency on fungi’s culture and survivability of the biocontrol agents. Fungicide dose was selected in label for each one and was used half, recommended and double concentrations. The most resistant plant pathogens against fungicides were M. phaseolina and F. oxysporum, on the other hand, most sensitive were R. solani and S. sclerotiorum when compare to all.
Comparison of some characterizations of recovered from soil and newly fermented entomopathogenic nematode, heterorhabditis bacteriophora (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae)
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2008) Ehlers, Ralf-Udo; Susurluk, I. Alper; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae have considerable potential as biological control agents of soil-inhabiting insect pests. One of the most important factors for sustainable biological control is their successful establishment in the soil, infectivity against pest insects, reproductive potential and persistence in released areas. To determine the differences of infectivity, reproductive potential and persistence between recovered from the field one year after release and newly fermented (one-week-old) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in a bioreactor, the two type populations of H. bacteriophora were compared each other on these capabilities. Prior to study, the fermented nematodes were reproduced once in Galleria mellonella larvae in order to achieve equal conditions with recovered populations. The results showed that infectivity and reproduction potentials of recovered populations were significantly higher than newly fermented or laboratory populations of the nematode. However, differences of persistence of both populations were not significant. This is the first report that quality control of some biological abilities of H. bacteriophora after one year in field.
Determination of effects of some plant activators against potato virus y in pepper
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2017-08-11) Elibuyuk, Ibrahim Ozer; Saydam, Cansu; Arslan, Umut; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
In this work, the effects of the plant activators Messenger, Actigard, ISR-2000 and Crop-Set against Potato Virus Y (PVY) in pepper (Capsicum annuum) were evaluated. In surveys conducted in Adana and Mersin provinces of southern Turkey in 2015, PVY was detected in symptomatic peppers by DAS-ELISA tests. The PVY isolate used in this study was isolated from pepper plants in Adana. Effects of the activators were evaluated in a climate chamber. Pepper seedlings were treated by Messenger, Actigard, ISR-2000 and Crop-Set and then the activator-treated peppers were inoculated by the PVY isolate 72 and 96 hrs after the activator treatments. In the assay, symptom expression time, plant length, leaf width, root length, lignification (lignin accumulation) and H2O2 accumulation were measured until the flowering period. The data was analyzed by using statistical methods. Messenger, Actigard, ISR-2000 and Crop-Set delayed symptom expression time by 12, 10, 8 and 3 days, respectively. Moreover Actigard, Messenger and ISR-2000 increased leaf surface area and plant height. Among all treatments, only inoculations with PVY 72 hrs after Crop-Set treatments increased the root length. Activator treated plants showed lignification and H2O2 accumulation. Best treatment times for lignification and H2O2 accumulation were determined as 72 hrs for Messenger, 96 hrs for Actigard, Crop-Set and ISR-2000.
Determination of the species of curculionoidea superfamily on alfalfa fields (Medicago sativa L.) and their distribution in Bursa province of Turkey
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2010) Coşkuncu, Kıymet Senan; Gencer, Nimet Sema; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
This study was carried out to determine superfamily species of Curculionoidea which is living in the alfalfa areas of Bursa province of Turkey during 2004-2005. Insect samplings were collected by sweep net over a 7-12 day period, on alfalfa fields. In this study, among determined species, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal 1813), Apion pisi (Fabricius 1801), Sitona macularius (crinitus) (Marsham 1802), Sitona hispidulus (Fabricius 1777) and Sitona humeralis Stephens 1831 were recorded as important pests and widespread. The most abundance species rates were Apion pisi 85.0%, Hypera postica 7.2%, S. humeralis 3.4%, S. macularis 2.1%, S. hispidulus 1.3 % respectively. Nonetheless Sitona lineatus (Linneaus 1758), Sitona flavescens (Marshall 1802), Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Marsham 1802), Ceutorhynchus anatolicus Schultze, 1900, Phyllobius sp., Protapion trifolii (Linnaeus 1768), Ceratapion gibbirostre (Gyllenhal 1813), Gymnetron rotundicolle Gyllenhal 1838 were also found in towns of Bursa province. S. flavescens, Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus, C. anatolicus, Protapion trifolii, C. gibbirostre were the first record in Bursa province.
The effect of acetic, formic and propionic acids on plant pathogenic fungi
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2016-12-23) Şehirli, Sercan; Saydam, Cansu; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
The efficiency of low or non-toxic chemicals is alternatives to fungicide usage. Especially, GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) compounds are quite suitable to prevent plant disease development. Propionic, formic and acetic acid were selected to state antifungal activities on some soilborne plant pathogens that are in the GRAS chemicals list. GRAS compounds were tested on, Macrophomina phaseolina, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani to understand the efficiencies of organic acids on the plant pathogen development. The mycelial growth inhibition of propionic, formic and acetic acids was determined. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of the organic compounds were stated also. Propionic was significantly better than formic and acetic acid. Propionic acid at 0.7%, formic acid at 0.9% and acetic acid at 1.8% concentration was totally inhibited mycelial growth of all fungi, respectively. Organic compounds efficiency was variable and shown a different impact on fungi based on their resistance. B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum and F. oxysporum resistance was higher than R. solani and M. phaseolina.
Laboratory evaluation of tween 20 for potential use in control of cacopsylla pyri l. eggs and nymphs (Homoptera: Psyllidae)
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2016-10-10) Pehlevan, Bilgi; Kovancı, Orkun Barış; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
The toxicity of the Tween 20, also known as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, was evaluated against the summerform pear psylla Cacopsylla pyri (L.) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) under laboratory conditions. Tween 20 was applied at 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 20 and 30 ml/l concentrations onto eggs and nymphs of C. pyri on pear shoots. Water was used as a control treatment. The toxic effect on eggs and nymphs was determined by counting treated eggs and nymphs, live or dead. Despite low toxicity to psyllid eggs, Tween 20 showed significant toxic effects against nymphs. The mortality rates of eggs were 3.2%, 2.1%, 1.0%, 12.8%, 13.5%, 100.0%, 100.0% at 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 20 and 30 ml/l concentrations, respectively. The highest toxic activity was recorded at concentrations of 20 and 30 ml/l. The mortality rates of nymphs were 7.2%, 21.0%, 49.9%, 96.5%, 100.0%, 96.5%, and 100.0% at above concentrations in the same order, respectively. Tween 20 at 3, 7, 10, 20 and 30 ml/l concentrations showed the highest toxic activity to psyllid nymphs, while concentrations of 1 and 2 ml/l had the lowest toxicity compared to water control. No significant phytotoxic effect was observed at all concentrations except for concentrations at 20 and 30 ml/l. In conclusion, Tween 20, either alone or in combination with pesticides, may provide an effective alternative to control pear psylla nymphs.
Life tables of the olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on different host plants
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007-12-01) Kumral, Nabi Alper; Kovancı, Bahattin; Akbudak, Bülent; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
The olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis (Hübner), is an important pest on olives, and also feeds on other host plants from the Oleaceae family. In this study, the development, survival and reproduction of P. unionalis were evaluated in the laboratory at 25°C and photoperiod of L:D = 16:8 on three host plants: olive (Olea europea L., cv. Gemlik), ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) and jasmine (Jasminum fruticans L.). Olive leaf moth larvae survived on all three host plants. The developmental time of immature stages ranged from 27.52 days on ash leaves to 30.00 days on olive leaves. Immature survival from egg to pupa was 72% on jasmine, 73% on olive and 74% on ash. The average number of eggs oviposited by adults from larvae reared on ash, jasmine and olive were 194.7, 321.8 and 390.3, respectively. The net reproductive rate of this species varied from 129.8 females/female on ash to 298.3 on olive. The intrinsic rate of population increase on ash, jasmine and olive was 0.148, 0.149 and 0.163 females/female/day, respectively. Palpita unionalis can complete its life cycle on all host plants, but ash was relatively less suitable because of the lower reproductive rate of the insects reared on it.
A review on entomopathogenic nematodes in Turkey
(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2007) Susurluk, İ. Alper; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are considered as potential biological control agents against soil-borne insect pests in the world. There are also some studies on EPNs in Turkey. The purpose of this review is to clarify the current situation of EPNs in Turkey. Initial study on EPNs has started in 1995 in Turkey and several survey studies have been performed primarily on the extraction and identification of EPNs. Five steinernematid and two heterorhabditid species have been identified to date from Turkey. There have been also studies examining the activity of EPNs against several insect. Furthermore, ecological studies including host finding behaviour and reproductive potential of EPNs are also performed. In conclusion, the potential of EPNs in biological control should be evaluated, and policies of government on EPNs should be also regulated in agricultural strategies.
Side effects of azadirachtin on some important beneficial insects in laboratory
(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019-04-03) Cura, Mehmet Sadık; Gençer, Nimet Sema; Ziraat Fakültesi; Bitki Koruma Bölümü
The toxic effect of azadirachtin (0.3 g/L) in recommended dose, its half and twice doses were tested on Encarsia formosa, Aphidius colemani, Orius laevigatus and Nesidiocoris tenuis under laboratory conditions. The mortalities of nymphs and adults were evaluated by the IOBC toxicity rating scale for pesticides. As a result of the study, the product was harmful to O. laevigatus and N. tenuis adults and E. formosa pupa. Slightly and moderately harmful on N. tenuis nymph and A. colemani at recommended and twice doses. In recommended dose it was harmless only on N.tenuis male and E. formosa pupa at 24 h. Twice dose of the product was very toxic to all of the beneficial insects. The adulticide effects on males and females of O. laevigatus and N. tenuis in half dose at 48 h were found to be 83.33% and 75.00% and 78.26% and 76.20%, respectively. Additionally, little toxic effect (28%) was detected for A. colemani at half dose after 48 h. Similarly, at this dose, the mortality rates indicated less toxic effects on N. tenuis nymphs. In conclusion, it was understood that the recommended and twice doses of azadirachtin had negative effects on natural enemies. It was suggested that azadirachtin should be used carefully in pest control programs.

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