Bursa ilinde armutlarda zarar yapan cacopsylla (homoptera: psyllidae) türleri üzerinde biyolojik ve ekolojik araştırmalar
Date
1999-09-23
Authors
Gençer, Nimet Sema
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışma 1995-1998 yıllan arasında Bursa ilinde Armut psillidlerinin tespit edilmesi ve bunların morfolojisi, biyolojisi ve ekolojisinin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmalar hem doğal koşullarda, hem de 25 ± 1°C sıcaklık, % 65 ± 5 orantılı nem ve 16A:8K fotoperiyot koşullarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Psillidlerin biyolojilerinin izlenmesinde şifon dal kafes yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda Bursa ilinde Psyllidae (Hom.) familyasına ait iki psillid türü belirlenmiş olup, bunlar; Cacopsylla pyri (L.) ve Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster)'dir. Bunlardan C. pyrfwa. armut bahçelerinde ana zararlı olduğu görülmüştür. C. pyri ve C. pyricola kışı ergin dönemde diyapoz halinde armut ağaçlarının dallan üzerinde bulunan çatlak ve yarıklarda geçirmektedir. İlk erginler Şubat sonu Mart başlarında görülmeğe başlamaktadır. Mart ayında günlük ortalama sıcaklığın ard arda iki gün 10°C'nin üzerine çıktığı günlerde dişilerin sürgünlerde açılmamış tomurcukların diplerine yumurta bırakmağa başladığı görülmüştür. Doğal koşullarda kışlık form ve yazlık form C. pyri dişisi sırasıyla ve ortalama olarak 191 (150-225) ve 214 (150-300) adet yumurta bırakmaktadır. İlkbaharda yumurtaların açılma süresi ortalama 9.02 (7-10) gün, yazlık yumurtaların açılma süresi ise ortalama 5.6 (4-7) gündür. Laboratuvar koşullarında yazlık form C. pyri dişisinin yumurta sayısının ortalama 1 17. 1 ± 32.481 (73-156) adet ve yumurtaların açılım süresinin ortalama 5.3 (3-7) gün olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kışlık form C. pyri dişilerinin bıraktıkları yumurtaların % 85.51'inin sürgünlerdeki ilk dört tomurcuk dibinde, yazlık form Ç. pyri dişilerinin bıraktıktan yumurtaların % 80.53'ünün sürgünde ilk beş yaprakta bulunduğu ve % 72.77'sinin ise yaprağın üst yüzeyinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Doğal koşullarda C. pyri nimflerinin toplam gelişme süresinin ortalama 34.8 (31-42) gün, laboratuvar koşullarında ise 23.4 (19-30) gün olduğu saptanmıştır. Kışlık form ve yazlık form C. pyri'nin cinsel oram sırasıyla 1.06:1.00 ve 1.22:1.00'dir. 1996 ve 1997 yılında iki tür de 4 döl vermiştir. Ayrıca C. pyri yumurta ve nimflerinin Anthocoris nemoralis (F.) tarafından avlandığı, en önemli nimf parazitoidinin ise Trechnites psyllae Rusckha olduğu belirlenmiştir.
This study was carried out in order to determine pear psyllids and to investigate their morphology, biology and ecology in Bursa during 1995-1998. Investigations have been done both in natural conditions and under laboratory conditions of 25±1°C temperature, 65±5 % relative humidity and 16 L : 8 D illumination. Net- cages method was used to follow biology and ecology of psyllids. As the results of the study, two psyllid species were determined belonging to the family of Psyllidae (Horn.) that were; Cacopsylla pyri (L.) and Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster). C. pyri was the key pest of the pear orchards. C. pyri and C. pyricola overwintered at the adult stage in diapause between the crevices of the branches and stems on pear trees. First adults appeared at the end of February and beginning of March. Females began to lay eggs in grooves just beneath the buds in March when daily temperature was up to 10°C for two consecutive days. In natural conditions winter form and summer form C. pyri female oviposited at an average 191 (150-225) eggs and 214 (150-300) eggs, respectively. Eggs hatch at an average 9.02 (7-10) days in spring and 5.6 (4-7) days in summer. In laboratory conditions it was determined that average number of eggs layedper summer form C. pyri female was 117.1+32.481 (73-156) eggs and eggs hatch at an average of 5.3 (3-7) days. In spring 85.51% of C. pyri eggs on shoot were beneath the first four buds, in summer 80.53 % of eggs on leaves were on the first five leaves and 72.77 % of these eggs were on the upper surface of leaves. In natural conditions average development duration of nymph stages was 34.8 (31-42) days and in laboratory conditions it was 23.4 (19-30) days. Sex-ratios of winter form and summer form C. pyri (female:male) were 1.06:1.00 and 1.22:1.00, respectively. Both species gave 4 generations a year in 1996 and 1997. On the other hand it was determined that Anthocoris nemoralis (F.) hunted the eggs and nymphes of C. pyri and the most important nymph parasitoid was Trechnites psyllae Rusckha.
This study was carried out in order to determine pear psyllids and to investigate their morphology, biology and ecology in Bursa during 1995-1998. Investigations have been done both in natural conditions and under laboratory conditions of 25±1°C temperature, 65±5 % relative humidity and 16 L : 8 D illumination. Net- cages method was used to follow biology and ecology of psyllids. As the results of the study, two psyllid species were determined belonging to the family of Psyllidae (Horn.) that were; Cacopsylla pyri (L.) and Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster). C. pyri was the key pest of the pear orchards. C. pyri and C. pyricola overwintered at the adult stage in diapause between the crevices of the branches and stems on pear trees. First adults appeared at the end of February and beginning of March. Females began to lay eggs in grooves just beneath the buds in March when daily temperature was up to 10°C for two consecutive days. In natural conditions winter form and summer form C. pyri female oviposited at an average 191 (150-225) eggs and 214 (150-300) eggs, respectively. Eggs hatch at an average 9.02 (7-10) days in spring and 5.6 (4-7) days in summer. In laboratory conditions it was determined that average number of eggs layedper summer form C. pyri female was 117.1+32.481 (73-156) eggs and eggs hatch at an average of 5.3 (3-7) days. In spring 85.51% of C. pyri eggs on shoot were beneath the first four buds, in summer 80.53 % of eggs on leaves were on the first five leaves and 72.77 % of these eggs were on the upper surface of leaves. In natural conditions average development duration of nymph stages was 34.8 (31-42) days and in laboratory conditions it was 23.4 (19-30) days. Sex-ratios of winter form and summer form C. pyri (female:male) were 1.06:1.00 and 1.22:1.00, respectively. Both species gave 4 generations a year in 1996 and 1997. On the other hand it was determined that Anthocoris nemoralis (F.) hunted the eggs and nymphes of C. pyri and the most important nymph parasitoid was Trechnites psyllae Rusckha.
Description
Keywords
Bursa, Armut psillidleri, C. pyri, C. pyricola, Biyoloji, Ekoloji, Pear psyllids, Biology, Ecology
Citation
Gençer, N. S. (1999). Bursa ilinde armutlarda zarar yapan cacopsylla (homoptera: psyllidae) türleri üzerinde biyolojik ve ekolojik araştırmalar. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.