Uluslararası hukukta koruma sorumluluğu kapsamında iklim değişikliği ve ekokırım suçunun analizi
Date
2024-08-22
Authors
Yiğit, Hasan
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Uluslararası hukukta üzerinde en çok tartışılan konuların başında ağır ve ciddi insan hakları ihlallerinin yaşandığı, iç çatışmaların sürdüğü bir devlete insan haklarını gözeterek, meşruluğu tartışma götürmeyecek bir şekilde nasıl bir askeri müdahalede bulunacağı konusu gelmektedir. Tarih boyunca meşru, haklı, adil savaş gibi farklı isimler ile kavramsallaştırılmaya çalışılan kuvvet kullanımının hangi otorite tarafından, ne zaman ve ne ölçüde yapılması gerektiği yüzyıllar boyunca filozoflar, hukukçular ve siyaset bilimciler tarafından tartışılmıştır. İnsancıl müdahalenin tarih boyunca sahip olduğu kötü şöhreti (büyük güçlerin Truva atı), devletlerin iç işlerine karışmama, müdahale etmeme ve devletlerin eşit egemen aktörler olduğu ilkelerine aykırı olarak istimal edilmesi devletleri daha adil, şeffaf ve objektif yaklaşımlar bulmaya ve üretmeye itmiştir. Tam bu noktada 1990’lı yıllar boyunca meydana gelen insani trajedilere daha adil ve şeffaf bir çözüm mekanizması olarak Müdahale ve Devlet Egemenliği Üzerine Uluslararası Komisyon (ICISS) tarafından “koruma sorumluluğu-R2P-” kavramı ortaya atılmıştır. Özünde sorumluluk olarak egemenlik anlayışı bulunan koruma sorumluluğu, devletleri halklarını soykırım, savaş suçları, insanlığa karşı suçlar ve etnik temizlik suçlarına karşı korumaya davet eder, devletin bu sorumluluğu yerine getir(e)memesi durumunda ise sorumluluğun uluslararası topluma geçeceğini ifade eder. Bu sorumluluk anlayışı önleme, tepki verme ve yeniden inşa etme boyutları olan üç boyutlu bir sorumluluktur. Devletlerin vatandaşlarını yukarıda ifade edilen dört suç başlığından ayrı olarak doğal ve çevresel felaketlere karşı koruma sorumluluğu da bulunmaktadır. Doğal ve çevresel felaketler insanın en temel hakkı olan yaşama hakkı başta olmak üzere çevre, barınma ve sağlıkhakkı gibi birçok hakkını dolaylı ya da doğrudan tehdit etmektedir. Küresel iklim değişikliğinin sonucu olarak meydana gelebilecek doğal ve çevresel felaketler de bu kapsamda düşünülebilir. Günümüzde etkileri artık bilimsel olarak da ispatlanabilen küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği sonuçlarının bir suç teşkil etmesi ve devletlerin bu suça menşe kabul edilen fiillerinin (sera gazı salımları, ekolojik dengeyi bozan kalkınma programları, çevreye duyarlı olmayan sanayileşme politikaları, ormanların yok edilmesi, çevrenin ağır tahribi vb.) koruma sorumluluğu kapsamında değerlendirilip değerlendirilemeyeceği bu çalışmanın özünü oluşturmaktadır. Küresel iklim değişikliğine sebep olan devlet ya da tüzel kişilerin fiillerinin eko kırım suçu başlığı altına dâhil edilmesi, bu yeni suç başlığının tanımı ve kavramsallaştırılması, suç hakkında içtihat oluşturabilecek mahkeme kararlarının incelenmesi, suçun UCM statüsüne dâhil edilip edilemeyeceği çalışmanın analiz ettiği diğer konu başlıklarıdır.
One of the most debated issues in international law is the question of how to intervene militarily in a state where severe and serious human rights violations occur and internal conflicts continue, in a way that respects human rights and whose legitimacy is beyond dispute. Throughout history, philosophers, jurists and political scientists have debated for centuries about the authority, when and to what extent the use of force, which has been conceptualized under different names such as legitimate, justified and just war, should be carried out. The notoriety of humanitarian intervention throughout history (Trojan horse of the great powers), its abuse in violation of the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of states, non-intervention and that states are equal sovereign actors have pushed states to find and produce fairer, transparent and objective approaches. It was atthis point that the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) introduced the concept of "responsibility to protect-R2P-" as a fairer and more transparent solution mechanism to the humanitarian tragedies that occurred throughout the 1990s. The responsibility to protect, which has at its core the understanding of sovereignty as responsibility, calls on states to protect their populations against genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, and states that if the state fails to fulfill this responsibility, the responsibility passes to the international community. This understanding of responsibility is a three-dimensional responsibility with dimensions of prevention, response and reconstruction. States also have a responsibility to protect their citizens against natural and environmental disasters. Natural and environmental disasters directly or indirectly threaten many rights such as the right to life, which is the most fundamental right of human beings, as well as the right to environment, housing and health. Natural and environmental disasters that may occur as a result of global climate change can also be considered in this context. The essence of this study is that the consequences of global warming and climate change, the effects of which can now be scientifically proven, constitute a crime and whether the acts of states that are considered to be the origin of this crime (greenhouse gas emissions, development programs that disrupt the ecological balance, industrialization policies that are not sensitive to the environment, destruction of forests, severe destruction of the environment, etc.) can be evaluated within the scope of the responsibility to protect. The inclusion of the acts of states or legal entities that cause global climate change under the heading of the crime of ecocide, the definition and conceptualization of this new crime heading, the examination of court decisions that may constitute jurisprudence on the crime, and whether the crime can be included in the ICC statute are other topics analyzed in the study.
One of the most debated issues in international law is the question of how to intervene militarily in a state where severe and serious human rights violations occur and internal conflicts continue, in a way that respects human rights and whose legitimacy is beyond dispute. Throughout history, philosophers, jurists and political scientists have debated for centuries about the authority, when and to what extent the use of force, which has been conceptualized under different names such as legitimate, justified and just war, should be carried out. The notoriety of humanitarian intervention throughout history (Trojan horse of the great powers), its abuse in violation of the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of states, non-intervention and that states are equal sovereign actors have pushed states to find and produce fairer, transparent and objective approaches. It was atthis point that the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) introduced the concept of "responsibility to protect-R2P-" as a fairer and more transparent solution mechanism to the humanitarian tragedies that occurred throughout the 1990s. The responsibility to protect, which has at its core the understanding of sovereignty as responsibility, calls on states to protect their populations against genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, and states that if the state fails to fulfill this responsibility, the responsibility passes to the international community. This understanding of responsibility is a three-dimensional responsibility with dimensions of prevention, response and reconstruction. States also have a responsibility to protect their citizens against natural and environmental disasters. Natural and environmental disasters directly or indirectly threaten many rights such as the right to life, which is the most fundamental right of human beings, as well as the right to environment, housing and health. Natural and environmental disasters that may occur as a result of global climate change can also be considered in this context. The essence of this study is that the consequences of global warming and climate change, the effects of which can now be scientifically proven, constitute a crime and whether the acts of states that are considered to be the origin of this crime (greenhouse gas emissions, development programs that disrupt the ecological balance, industrialization policies that are not sensitive to the environment, destruction of forests, severe destruction of the environment, etc.) can be evaluated within the scope of the responsibility to protect. The inclusion of the acts of states or legal entities that cause global climate change under the heading of the crime of ecocide, the definition and conceptualization of this new crime heading, the examination of court decisions that may constitute jurisprudence on the crime, and whether the crime can be included in the ICC statute are other topics analyzed in the study.
Description
Keywords
Koruma sorumluluğu, Sorumluluk olarak egemenlik, Küresel iklim değişikliği, Ekokırım, Responsibility to protect, Sovereignty as responsibility, Global climate change, Ecocide