Simav Çayı'nın bor kirliliği yönünden incelenmesi ve kirliliğe neden olan atık suların adsorpsiyon ile arıtılma yöntemlerinin araştırılması
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Date
1982
Authors
Balkı, Nihat
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Simav Çayındaki bor kirliliğinin ölçülmesi ve bu kirliliğin giderilmesi denemeleri yapılmıştır. Bigadiç'in 17 km. kuzeydoğusunda Simav Çayı boyunca sıralanmış bor işletmeleri bulunmaktadır. Çaydaki bor kirliliğine bu işletmelerin sebebolduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bunun için işletmelerden önce (Bigadiç Köprüsü) ve işletmelerden sonra (cevher sahası çıkışında), Çaydaki bor konsantrasyonu bir yıl süre ile aylık peryotlarla ölçülmüştür. Bu ölçümlerden; Yıllık ortalama bor konsantrasyonu, Bigadiç Köprüsünde 0,28 mg/1, cevher sahası çıkışında ise 7,19 mg/1 olarak bulunmuştur. Cevher sahasında yapılan incelemede bor (kolemanit) cevherinin yer altından (çayın su seviyesinin altından) çıkarılması sırasında, toplam debisi 195 1/sn'ye ulaşan ve yer yer 300 mg/I'ye varan oranlarda bor taşıyan drenaj sularının doğrudan Çay'a verildiği görülmüştür. Cevherin yıkanmasında kullanılan ve çok yüksek oranda bor taşıyan yıkama suları için yapılan havuzların, bu suların Çay'a karışmasını tam önleyemediği tesbit edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak etrafa düzensiz bir şekilde yığılan bor cevheri artıklarının (paşaların) da, meyilli olan arazide yağışlar sonucu kirliliğe sebebolduğu gözlenmiştir. Yapılan denemeler sonunda Çay'a karışan sallardaki (drenaj suları) bor'un adsorpsiyon yolu ile belirli ölçülerde giderilebileceği anlaşılmıştır. Bu amaçla; Özellikleri değişik aktif kömürler, Seydişehir alüminası, Eskişehir lületaşı, Bentonit, Kaolin ve Dowex 1x4 (anyon değiştirici reçine) gibi adsorbanlar kullanılmıştır. Bentonit ve kaolin dışındaki adsorbanların, bor adsorpsiyonunda etkin olmadıkları ortaya çıkmıştır. Sulu ortamdaki bor konsantrasyonunun artmasiyle adsorbanların bor adsorpsiyon veriminde azalma görülmüştür. Ortamdaki bor konsantrasyonu 5 mg/I'nin altında olduğunda; Aktif karbonla % 82, lületaşı ile % 75, Dowex 1x4 ile % 35,9 ve Alümina ile de % 26 oranında adsorpsiyon verimi elde edilmiştir. Ortamın bor konsantrasyonu 282 mg/I olduğunda ise bu değerler; Aktif karbon için % 5,67, Lületaşı için % 10,46, Howex 1x4 için % 3,9 ve Alümina için de % 4,4 olarak bulunmuştur. Borlu çözeltinin pH'ı ve bor konsantrasyonu, adsorpsiyon verimi üzerinde önemli iki etkendir. Her adsorban için maksimum adsorpsiyonun olduğu pH değerleri farklı olduğundan, adsorpsiyon denemeleri maksimum adsorpsiyonun olduğu pH'larda yapıldı. Bor adsorpsiyonunda etkin olan Lületaşı ve Alüminanın, fizikokimyasal özelliklerinin sıcaklıkla değişimi incelenmiş ve bu değişimin adsorpsiyon verimi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Adsorbanlar (Lüle taşı ve Alümina) 200'er derece aralıklarla 1000°C'a kadar kızdırılmış ve her aralıkta fizikokimyasal özelliklerinin (yüzey asitliği-bazlığı, yüzey alanı, gözenek hacmi ve gözeneklilik) kızdırma sıcaklığına bağlı olarak önce sıcaklıkla arttığı ve belirli bir sıcaklıktan sonra (400°C) yeniden azaldığı görülmüştür. Her 200°C'lık aralıklarla kızdırılan adsorbanlar yeniden adsorpsiyonda kullanılmış ve fizikokimyasal özelliklerindeki bu değişmelerin adsorpsiyon verimi üzerinde etkin olmadıkları görülmüştür. DTA eğrileri alınan her iki adsorbandan Lületaşının, 822°C'ta yapısal bozunmaya uğradığı (ekzotermik pik) ve bu sıcaklık yakınında adsorpsiyon etkinliğinin arttığı, Aluminada ise herhangi bir değişimin olmadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca HNO₃ ile asitlendirilen Lületaşının adsorpsiyon etkinliğinin daha da arttığı, asitlendirilen örneklerin adsorpsiyonda kullanılması ile anlaşılmıştır. Adsorbanlar üzerinde tutulan bor'u, yeniden çözeltiye almak (adsorbanları rejenere etmek), borsuz su kullanılması ve pH'ın ayarlanması ile mümkün olmaktadır. Bunun için 5 mg/l'nin altında bor taşıyan su ile çalışılmış, kullanılan adsorbanların tuttuğu bor, % 96,5 ile % 69 arasında değişen oranlarda çözeltiye geri alınmıştır. Bor adsorplamış Lületaşı ve Alüminanın rejenere edilmediği hallerde, klinkere katılma imkanları araştırılmış ve % 15 oranında bir karıştırmanın, klinkerin özelliklerini önemli ölçüde değiştirmediği tespit edilmiştir.
In this study, the measurement of water pollution in Simav Stream caused by boron was taken and the tests of elimination of this pollution were made. There are boron mine fields established along the Simav Stream on the 17 km. northeast of Bigadiç. It is now known that the mines are the causes of pollution in this Stream. In order to prove this the concentration of boron just at the exit of the ore field and before coming to the establishments i.e. Bigadiç Eridge was measured periodically every month throughout a whole year.As a result of these measurements.It was found out that,the yearly approximate concentration of boron at the Bigadiç Bridge and the exit of ore field were 0,28 mg/l and 7,19 mg/l relatively. After the investigation carried out in the ore field it was observed that, the drenage water the total flow rate of with was 195 l/sec.and containing boron quantity of which reaching to 300 mg/l in places was directly joined to the stream while ere boron (Colemanite) ore under the ground (below the water level of the stream). It was determined that; The artificial basins constructed for the washing water used for washing the ore and containing high proportions of boron were for beyond the function of preventing the drenage joining the stream (ın order words they were not satisfactory), In addition to this it is observed that the irregular pilings of the boron ore remainings were causing pollution on the inclined field after rain falls. When the experiments were carried out it was found aut that the boron in the drenage water joining the stream could be eliminated to some extend, by the method of adsorption. Aiming this, the adsorbets such as activated carbon; Having different characteristics, alumina of Seydişehir, meerschaum of Eskişehir, Bentonite, Kaolin and Dowex 1x4 (anion exchange-resin) were used. It was found out that the adsorbents excluding Bentonite and Kaolin were effective in boran adsorption. A decrease was observed in the efficiency of boran adsorption in the adsorbents by the increase of boron concentration in watered media. When the boron concentration in the media was below 5 mg/l; With activated carbon 82 %, with meerschaum 75 %, with dowex 1x4 35,9 % and with alümina 26 % adsorption efficiency was obtained when the boron concentration in the media was 282 mg/l the values were found as follows; For activated carbon 5,67 %, for meerschaum 10,46 %, for dowex 1x4 3,39 % and for alümina 4,4 %.pH value and the boron concentration of the boron solution are the two factors that play an important part on the adsorption efficiency. The pH values in which the maximum adsorption happened showed difference for each adsorbert and that's why the adsorption experiments were carried out in the pH's in which the maximum adsorption happened. In a boron adsorption the modification of physical chemistry characteristics of the active meerschaum and alümina under heat was studied and its effect (the effect of modification) on adsorption efficiency was investigated. The adsorbents i.e. meerschaum and alümina were heated up to 1000°C with intervals of 200°C and it was observed that in each interval the physical chemistry characteristics (surface acidity,surface base condition, surface area, pore volume, porosity) were at first increased until 400°C and then decreased till the temperature reached to 1000⁰C. In each 200⁰ intervals,the heated adsorbents were used again in adsorption and it was determined that the modifications observed in their physical chemistry characteristics were not effective on the adsorption efficiency. In both adsorbents the DTA curves of which were taken, it was observed that the meerschaum was subject to structural failure (exothermic peak) under 822°C and its adsorption activity was increased around this temperature and on the other hand no such modification was observed in Alümina. Besides, by using the acidified samples in adsorption it was made clear that the adsorption activity of the meerschaum acidified with HN0₃ was further increased. To regenerate adsorbents on which the boron was collected is possible by using boron-free water and by adjusting the pH. Therefore the experiments were carried out by using water containing boron in the proportion of 5 mg/l and the boron cellected on the adsorbents were regenerated in the ratioes changing between 96,5 % and 69 %. In the cases where boron adsorbet meerschaum and Alümina arent regenerated the possibility of adding it to cement clinker was investigated and it was determined that the mixture of 15 % did not make great change in the characteristics of cement clinker.
In this study, the measurement of water pollution in Simav Stream caused by boron was taken and the tests of elimination of this pollution were made. There are boron mine fields established along the Simav Stream on the 17 km. northeast of Bigadiç. It is now known that the mines are the causes of pollution in this Stream. In order to prove this the concentration of boron just at the exit of the ore field and before coming to the establishments i.e. Bigadiç Eridge was measured periodically every month throughout a whole year.As a result of these measurements.It was found out that,the yearly approximate concentration of boron at the Bigadiç Bridge and the exit of ore field were 0,28 mg/l and 7,19 mg/l relatively. After the investigation carried out in the ore field it was observed that, the drenage water the total flow rate of with was 195 l/sec.and containing boron quantity of which reaching to 300 mg/l in places was directly joined to the stream while ere boron (Colemanite) ore under the ground (below the water level of the stream). It was determined that; The artificial basins constructed for the washing water used for washing the ore and containing high proportions of boron were for beyond the function of preventing the drenage joining the stream (ın order words they were not satisfactory), In addition to this it is observed that the irregular pilings of the boron ore remainings were causing pollution on the inclined field after rain falls. When the experiments were carried out it was found aut that the boron in the drenage water joining the stream could be eliminated to some extend, by the method of adsorption. Aiming this, the adsorbets such as activated carbon; Having different characteristics, alumina of Seydişehir, meerschaum of Eskişehir, Bentonite, Kaolin and Dowex 1x4 (anion exchange-resin) were used. It was found out that the adsorbents excluding Bentonite and Kaolin were effective in boran adsorption. A decrease was observed in the efficiency of boran adsorption in the adsorbents by the increase of boron concentration in watered media. When the boron concentration in the media was below 5 mg/l; With activated carbon 82 %, with meerschaum 75 %, with dowex 1x4 35,9 % and with alümina 26 % adsorption efficiency was obtained when the boron concentration in the media was 282 mg/l the values were found as follows; For activated carbon 5,67 %, for meerschaum 10,46 %, for dowex 1x4 3,39 % and for alümina 4,4 %.pH value and the boron concentration of the boron solution are the two factors that play an important part on the adsorption efficiency. The pH values in which the maximum adsorption happened showed difference for each adsorbert and that's why the adsorption experiments were carried out in the pH's in which the maximum adsorption happened. In a boron adsorption the modification of physical chemistry characteristics of the active meerschaum and alümina under heat was studied and its effect (the effect of modification) on adsorption efficiency was investigated. The adsorbents i.e. meerschaum and alümina were heated up to 1000°C with intervals of 200°C and it was observed that in each interval the physical chemistry characteristics (surface acidity,surface base condition, surface area, pore volume, porosity) were at first increased until 400°C and then decreased till the temperature reached to 1000⁰C. In each 200⁰ intervals,the heated adsorbents were used again in adsorption and it was determined that the modifications observed in their physical chemistry characteristics were not effective on the adsorption efficiency. In both adsorbents the DTA curves of which were taken, it was observed that the meerschaum was subject to structural failure (exothermic peak) under 822°C and its adsorption activity was increased around this temperature and on the other hand no such modification was observed in Alümina. Besides, by using the acidified samples in adsorption it was made clear that the adsorption activity of the meerschaum acidified with HN0₃ was further increased. To regenerate adsorbents on which the boron was collected is possible by using boron-free water and by adjusting the pH. Therefore the experiments were carried out by using water containing boron in the proportion of 5 mg/l and the boron cellected on the adsorbents were regenerated in the ratioes changing between 96,5 % and 69 %. In the cases where boron adsorbet meerschaum and Alümina arent regenerated the possibility of adding it to cement clinker was investigated and it was determined that the mixture of 15 % did not make great change in the characteristics of cement clinker.
Description
Keywords
Simav Çayı, Simav Stream, Bor kirliliği, Boron pollution, Atık suları, Waste water
Citation
Balkı, N. (1982). Simav Çayı'nın bor kirliliği yönünden incelenmesi ve kirliliğe neden olan atık suların adsorpsiyon ile arıtılma yöntemlerinin araştırılması. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.