Bazı bitkisel yağların laboratuvar ve arazi koşullarında Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) üzerine etkileri
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Date
2018-06-07
Authors
Pehlevan, Bilgi
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu tez kapsamında yedi farklı bitkisel tohum yağının Armut psillidi Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster)'in yumurta ve nimfleri üzerine toksik etkisi ile ergin dişilerin yumurta bırakmasını engelleme etkisi üzerine çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla enginar, kudret narı, hint, keten, hardal, şeftali çekirdeği ve kuşburnu bitkisel tohum yağları laboratuvar denemelerinde kullanılmıştır. Bu bitkisel tohum yağları arasından en etkili olan hardal, keten ve kudret narı yağları seçilerek arazi koşullarında çalışmaya devam edilmiştir. Arazi koşullarında zararlının kışlık formuna karşı yumurtlamanın engellenmesi uygulamalarından 7 gün sonra %79,8 engelleme oranıyla en etkili yağ yazlık yağ olmuştur. Kudret narı ve hardal yağı sırasıyla %72,5 ve %68,8 engelleme oranları ile yazlık yağı takip etmiştir. Keten yağı %63,6 ile en düşük etkiyi göstermiştir. Uygulama yapıldıktan 14 gün sonra yazlık yağ %64,7 engelleme oranıyla en etkili olmuştur. Hardal, kudret narı ve keten yağları sırasıyla %53,2, %50,8 ve %43,4 oranları ile yazlık yağı takip etmiştir. Zararlının yazlık formuna karşı yumurtlamanın engellenmesi uygulamalarından 7 gün sonra %87,7 engelleme oranıyla en etkili yağ yazlık yağ olmuştur. Hardal, kudret narı ve keten yağları sırasıyla %74,7, %68,0 ve %59,6 oranları ile yazlık yağı takip etmiştir. Uygulama yapıldıktan 14 gün sonra yazlık yağ %82,1 engelleme yaparken, bu yağı %62,0 ile hardal yağı takip etmiştir. Kudret narı ve keten yağları sırasıyla %47,2 ve %42,1 etkinlik göstermişlerdir. Yumurta ölüm oranlarının belirlenmesi için uygulamalar yapıldıktan 7 gün sonra yağların toksik etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. En fazla yumurta ölümü %90,0 ile yazlık yağda olurken, bu yağı %76,8 ile hardal yağı takip etmiştir. Kudret narı ve keten yağında sırasıyla %69,9 ve %64,7 ölüm olmuştur. Uygulama yapıldıktan 3 gün sonra nimfe karşı toksik etki belirlenmiştir. En fazla nimf ölümü %90,4 ile yazlık yağda ve %80,5 ile hardal yağının %1 dozunda gerçekleşmiştir. Keten yağının sırasıyla %1 (%47,9) ve %1,5 (%52,2) dozları ile kudret narının %1,5 (%49,4) dozu en düşük etkiyi göstermişlerdir. Laboratuvar denemelerinde %1 ve %1,5'lik yağ dozunda fitotoksisite önemli seviyede olmamıştır ancak %2'lik dozda bazı bitkisel yağlar yaprakta fitotoksisite meydana getirmiştir. Arazide %1 ve %1,5 yağ dozlarında da önemli seviyede fitotoksisite gözlenmemiştir. Sonuç olarak hardal, keten ve kudret narı tohum yağları bu zararlının her iki formununda yumurtlamasının engellenmesini sağlamış ve yumurta ve nimflere karşı toksik etki göstermişlerdir. İleride yapılacak çalışmalarda yağlar ile insektisitlerin belirli oranlarda karıştırılarak uygulama yapılması bu zararlının mücadelesine katkı sağlayabilir.
In this thesis, the effect of seven different vegetable seed oils on pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) eggs and nymphs as well as preventing adult females from laying eggs has been studied. For this purpose, artichoke, bitter melon, castor, flaxseed, mustard, peach, and rose hip, vegetable seed oils were used in laboratory experiments. Among these vegetable seed oils, the most effective ones, mustard, bitter melon and flax seed oils, were selected and studies were continued under field conditions. After 7 days of applications against the winter form of the pest to prevent egg-laying in the field conditions, the most effective oil was the summer oil with the oviposition deterrent rate of 79,8%. Bitter melon and mustard oil followed the summer oil with 72,5% and 68,8% deterrence rates, respectively. Flaxseed oil showed the lowest deterrence with a rate of 63,6%. Summer oil was the most effective agaisnt female oviposition with the deterrence rate of 79,8% 14 days after the applications. Mustard, bitter melon and flaxseed oil followed the summer oil with 53,2%, 50,8% and 43,4% deterrence rates, respectively. After 7 days of applications against the summer form of the pest to prevent egg-laying, the most effective oil was the summer oil with the deterrence rate of 87,7%. Mustard, bitter melon and flaxseed oil followed the summer oil with 74,7%, 68,0% and 59,6% deterrence, respectively. After 14 days of applications, summer oil deterred 82,1% of females from egg-laying followed by the mustard oil with 62,0%. Bitter melon and flaxseed oil showed 47,2% and 42,1% efficacy, respectively. To determine egg mortality rates, toxic effects of oils were assessed 7 days after the applications. The highest egg mortality rate had occurred with 90,0% in summer oil, followed by mustard oil with 76,8%. Bitter melon and flaxseed oil had a mortality rate of 69,9% and 64,7%, respectively. The toxic effect against nymphs was determined 3 days after the applications. The highest nymph mortality occurred with 90,4% in summer oil and 80,5% in 1% concentration of mustard oil. The lowest concentrations of flaxseed oil (1% and 1,5%) and 1,5% of the bitter melon had shown the lowest efficacy of 47,9%, 52,2% and 49,4%, respectively. In laboratory assays, the phytotoxicity at 1% and 1,5% oil concentrations were not at a significant level, but some vegetable oils at 2% concentration led to phytotoxicity in the leaves. Phytotoxicity was not observed at significant levels in 1% and 1,5% oil concentrations. As a result, mustard, bitter melon and flaxseed oils have been successful in preventing oviposition in both forms of this psyllid and showing toxic effects to its eggs and nymphs. For future studies, mixing oils and insecticides at certain ratios may contribute to control against this pest.
In this thesis, the effect of seven different vegetable seed oils on pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) eggs and nymphs as well as preventing adult females from laying eggs has been studied. For this purpose, artichoke, bitter melon, castor, flaxseed, mustard, peach, and rose hip, vegetable seed oils were used in laboratory experiments. Among these vegetable seed oils, the most effective ones, mustard, bitter melon and flax seed oils, were selected and studies were continued under field conditions. After 7 days of applications against the winter form of the pest to prevent egg-laying in the field conditions, the most effective oil was the summer oil with the oviposition deterrent rate of 79,8%. Bitter melon and mustard oil followed the summer oil with 72,5% and 68,8% deterrence rates, respectively. Flaxseed oil showed the lowest deterrence with a rate of 63,6%. Summer oil was the most effective agaisnt female oviposition with the deterrence rate of 79,8% 14 days after the applications. Mustard, bitter melon and flaxseed oil followed the summer oil with 53,2%, 50,8% and 43,4% deterrence rates, respectively. After 7 days of applications against the summer form of the pest to prevent egg-laying, the most effective oil was the summer oil with the deterrence rate of 87,7%. Mustard, bitter melon and flaxseed oil followed the summer oil with 74,7%, 68,0% and 59,6% deterrence, respectively. After 14 days of applications, summer oil deterred 82,1% of females from egg-laying followed by the mustard oil with 62,0%. Bitter melon and flaxseed oil showed 47,2% and 42,1% efficacy, respectively. To determine egg mortality rates, toxic effects of oils were assessed 7 days after the applications. The highest egg mortality rate had occurred with 90,0% in summer oil, followed by mustard oil with 76,8%. Bitter melon and flaxseed oil had a mortality rate of 69,9% and 64,7%, respectively. The toxic effect against nymphs was determined 3 days after the applications. The highest nymph mortality occurred with 90,4% in summer oil and 80,5% in 1% concentration of mustard oil. The lowest concentrations of flaxseed oil (1% and 1,5%) and 1,5% of the bitter melon had shown the lowest efficacy of 47,9%, 52,2% and 49,4%, respectively. In laboratory assays, the phytotoxicity at 1% and 1,5% oil concentrations were not at a significant level, but some vegetable oils at 2% concentration led to phytotoxicity in the leaves. Phytotoxicity was not observed at significant levels in 1% and 1,5% oil concentrations. As a result, mustard, bitter melon and flaxseed oils have been successful in preventing oviposition in both forms of this psyllid and showing toxic effects to its eggs and nymphs. For future studies, mixing oils and insecticides at certain ratios may contribute to control against this pest.
Description
Keywords
Armut psillidi, Bitkisel tohum yağları, Cacopsylla, Fitotoksisite, Toksik, Yumurtlamayı engelleme, Pear psylla, Vegatable seed oil, Phytotoxicityt, Oviposition deterrent, Toxicity
Citation
Pehlevan B. (2018). Bazı bitkisel yağların laboratuvar ve arazi koşullarında Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) üzerine etkileri. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.