Kitlesel akın (Sığınma) durumunda geçici koruma rejimi ve asgari muamele standardı
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Date
2015-09-01
Authors
Yılmaz, Sibel
Journal Title
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Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın konusunu "kitlesel akın (sığınma) durumunda geçici koruma rejimi ve asgari muamele standardı" oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, kitlesel akın durumunda, sığınmacılara sığındığı devletin, mutlaka hukuki bir statü ve bu statüye bağlı temel hakları sağlamak zorunda olduğunu göstermektir. Çalışmanın ilk kısmında, kitlesel akın (sığınma) durumunda uluslararası korumanın tarihsel gelişimi ve bu gelişimde bir dönüm noktası olan Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna Dair Cenevre Sözleşmesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu Sözleşmenin günümüzde önemini korumakla birlikte, uluslararası koruma ihtiyacını karşılamakta yetersiz kaldığı görülmektedir. Sözleşmedeki dar mülteci tanımı nedeniyle, iç savaş, silahlı çatışma, ağır insan hakkı ihlalleri vb. durumlardan kaçan kişiler koruma dışında kalmaktadır. Sözleşmenin uluslararası koruma sağlamaktaki yetersizliği kitlesel mülteci krizlerinde net bir şekilde ortaya çıkmıştır. Devletler, bu krizlere yönelik acil durum müdahalesi ve pragmatik bir çözüm olarak ad hoc temelli geçici koruma uygulamalarını tercih etmişlerdir. Cenevre Sözleşmesi mültecisi niteliğini taşıyan ve/veya taşımayanların oluşturduğu bir kitlesel akın durumunda geçici koruma işlevsel olabilir. Çünkü hem büyük bir akın karşısında, ilk aşamada, Sözleşmeyi uygulamak zordur; hem de Sözleşme dışında kalanlar için geçici de olsa korumanın sağlanması mümkündür. Ancak devletlerin geçici korumayı Cenevre Sözleşmesinin yerine uygulama eğilimleri ve geçici koruma rejimini resmileştirmekten kaçınmaları Sözleşmenin sağladığı koruma mekanizmasını zayıflatma riski taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle geçici koruma ile Cenevre Sözleşmesindeki ilişki açıklanmış ve geçici korumanın Cenevre Sözleşmesinin sağladığı korumanın yerine ikame edilemeyeceği vurgulanmıştır. Geçici koruma ancak Cenevre Sözleşmesinden sapmanın mümkün olduğu durumlarda ve gerekli koşullarda Sözleşmenin yerine uygulanabilir. Bununla beraber her halükarda geçici koruma kapsamındaki herkese sağlanması gereken asgari bir muamele standardı mevcuttur. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin başta Anayasası olmak üzere mevzuatı gereği, birinci kısımda değinilen asgari muamele standardı içerisindeki hakları sağlamak zorunda olduğu açıklanmaktadır. Bunun için öncelikle Türk mülteci hukukunun gelişimi ve yabancıların haklarına ilişkin 1982 Anayasasındaki mevcut düzenlemeler incelenmiş, ardından asgari muamele standardı içerisindeki çeşitli haklar tek tek ele alınmıştır.
The subject of this thesis is the "temporary protection regime in the event of mass influx and minimum standard of treatment." The aim of the thesis is to show that in situations of mass influx, states in which the masses seek refuge definitely have to provide a legal status and fundamental rights corresponding with this status to refugees. The first part of the thesis examines the historical background of international protection in situations of mass influx and the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which is a turning point in the development of this institution. It is found that while this Convention is still an important document, it falls short of providing the necessary international protection. Because of the narrow definition of refugee adopted in the Convention, persons trying to escape from situations such as civil war, armed conflict, gross violations of human rights, etc. fall outside the Convention's protection. The inadequacy of the Convention's ability to provide international protection has become glaringly obvious in situations of mass refugee influx. States have preferred to adopt emergency response and ad hoc based temporary protection implementations as a pragmatic solution in such crises. Temporary protection may be useful in mass influx situations which include persons that fit into the refugee definition of the Geneva Convention as well as those that do not fit into this definition. This is both because it is difficult to apply Convention provisions at first instance in mass influx situations, and also because it makes it possible to provide at least a temporary protection to persons who fall outside the scope of the Convention. But States' tendency to apply temporary protection instead of the Geneva Convention and failure to formalize the temporary protection regime jeopardizes the protection mechanisms provided by the Geneva Convention. Therefore, the thesis explains the relationship between temporary protection and the Geneva Convention and stresses the fact that temporary protection cannot be used in place of the protection measures provided in the Geneva Convention. Temporary protection measures may be used in place of the Convention only in situations where it is legally possible to derogate from the Geneva Convention and only as far as it necessary to do so. In any case, there is a minimum standard of treatment which must be accorded to all persons within the scope of temporary protection. The second part of the thesis explains that the Republic of Turkey is – according to its Constitution as well as relevant legislature – obligated to ensure the rights provided under the minimum standard explained in the first part of this work. Towards this end, the thesis firstly examines the development of Turkish refugee law and the current provisions regarding the rights of aliens under the 1982 Constitution. Secondly, the various rights provided under the minimum treatment standard are examined one by one.
The subject of this thesis is the "temporary protection regime in the event of mass influx and minimum standard of treatment." The aim of the thesis is to show that in situations of mass influx, states in which the masses seek refuge definitely have to provide a legal status and fundamental rights corresponding with this status to refugees. The first part of the thesis examines the historical background of international protection in situations of mass influx and the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which is a turning point in the development of this institution. It is found that while this Convention is still an important document, it falls short of providing the necessary international protection. Because of the narrow definition of refugee adopted in the Convention, persons trying to escape from situations such as civil war, armed conflict, gross violations of human rights, etc. fall outside the Convention's protection. The inadequacy of the Convention's ability to provide international protection has become glaringly obvious in situations of mass refugee influx. States have preferred to adopt emergency response and ad hoc based temporary protection implementations as a pragmatic solution in such crises. Temporary protection may be useful in mass influx situations which include persons that fit into the refugee definition of the Geneva Convention as well as those that do not fit into this definition. This is both because it is difficult to apply Convention provisions at first instance in mass influx situations, and also because it makes it possible to provide at least a temporary protection to persons who fall outside the scope of the Convention. But States' tendency to apply temporary protection instead of the Geneva Convention and failure to formalize the temporary protection regime jeopardizes the protection mechanisms provided by the Geneva Convention. Therefore, the thesis explains the relationship between temporary protection and the Geneva Convention and stresses the fact that temporary protection cannot be used in place of the protection measures provided in the Geneva Convention. Temporary protection measures may be used in place of the Convention only in situations where it is legally possible to derogate from the Geneva Convention and only as far as it necessary to do so. In any case, there is a minimum standard of treatment which must be accorded to all persons within the scope of temporary protection. The second part of the thesis explains that the Republic of Turkey is – according to its Constitution as well as relevant legislature – obligated to ensure the rights provided under the minimum standard explained in the first part of this work. Towards this end, the thesis firstly examines the development of Turkish refugee law and the current provisions regarding the rights of aliens under the 1982 Constitution. Secondly, the various rights provided under the minimum treatment standard are examined one by one.
Description
Keywords
Kitlesel akın, Geçici koruma, Asgari standart, Cenevre Sözleşmesi, Türk mülteci hukuku, Mass influx, Temporary protection, Minimum standards, Turkish refugee law, Geneva Convention
Citation
Yılmaz, S. (2015). Kitlesel akın (Sığınma) durumunda geçici koruma rejimi ve asgari muamele standardı. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.