Anıtsal yapılardaki mezar anlayışı: Heroondan Martyriuma
Date
2020-07-31
Authors
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Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Anıtsal mezarlar, yapıldığı dönemlerin mimari disiplinlerini temel alırken, kişilerin ya da olayların unutulmamasını sağlamak amacıyla hafızalarda yer edecek boyutlarda ve formlarda yapılmışlardır. Bu mezar tipi, erken dönemlerde kentin kurucularına ya da kahramanlarına yapılırken, zamanla “kahramanlık” olgusundan çıkmış, maddi durum yeterliliğine göre sıradan vatandaşlar için de mezar yapısı olarak yapılmışlardır. 4. yüzyılda Hristiyanlığın kabulüyle birlikte anıt mezar/heroon anlayışı Klasik Dönem’deki gibi sadece savaş kahramanlarının, Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’yle birlikte sadece zenginlerin veya asillerin değil, din şehitleri yani martyrlerin gömüldüğü martyriumlar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Pagandaki kahraman kültü ve bu kültle birlikte oluşan heroonlar, erken 4. yüzyılla beraber martyr kültü ve martyrium yapılarının kökenini oluşturmuştur. Martyriumlar, tek tanrılı inanışa geçilen Geç Antik Çağ’da Hristiyanlık inancının kült yapılarından biri olarak zamanla kendi mimari tarzını ortaya koymuştur. Tüm bu farklılaşma sürecinin kahramanlık algısı üzerinde yarattığı değişimin yanı sıra genel mimari anlayışta da kendini gösterdiğini söylemek mümkündür.
Monumental tombs are built in sizes and forms that will take place in the memories in order to ensure that people or events are not forgotten, while taking the architectural disciplines of their periods into account. While this grave type was made to the founders or heroes of the city in the early periods, it emerged from the phenomenon of “heroism” over time, and was constructed as a grave structure for ordinary citizens according to their financial situation adequacy. With the acceptance of Christianity in the 4th century, the monumental tomb / heroon concept emerges as martyrs where, as in the Classical Period, only the war heroes, the martyrs were buried, not only the rich or noble with the Roman Imperial Period. The hero cult in pagan and the heroons formed with this cult formed the origin of martyr cult and martyrium structures with the early 4th century. Martyriums, as one of the cult structures of the Christian faith in the Late Antiquity, in which monotheistic belief was passed, has developed its architectural style over time. It is possible to say that all this differentiation process has manifested itself in the general architectural understanding as well as the change on the perception of heroism.
Monumental tombs are built in sizes and forms that will take place in the memories in order to ensure that people or events are not forgotten, while taking the architectural disciplines of their periods into account. While this grave type was made to the founders or heroes of the city in the early periods, it emerged from the phenomenon of “heroism” over time, and was constructed as a grave structure for ordinary citizens according to their financial situation adequacy. With the acceptance of Christianity in the 4th century, the monumental tomb / heroon concept emerges as martyrs where, as in the Classical Period, only the war heroes, the martyrs were buried, not only the rich or noble with the Roman Imperial Period. The hero cult in pagan and the heroons formed with this cult formed the origin of martyr cult and martyrium structures with the early 4th century. Martyriums, as one of the cult structures of the Christian faith in the Late Antiquity, in which monotheistic belief was passed, has developed its architectural style over time. It is possible to say that all this differentiation process has manifested itself in the general architectural understanding as well as the change on the perception of heroism.
Description
Keywords
Martyrium, Anıt, Mezar, Kahraman, Hristiyanlık, Monumental, Tomb, Hero, Christianity
Citation
Bilir, G. (2020). “Anıtsal yapılardaki mezar anlayışı: Heroondan Martyriuma”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(39), 607-649.