Satranç sporcularına müsabaka esnasında uygulanan transkraniyal doğru akım stimülasyonunun kalp atım hızı değişkenliği üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi
Date
2024-08-05
Authors
Engin, Merve Begüm
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Satranç, içerisinde bilişsel süreçler barındıran ve günlük yaşama entegre edilebilen çok yönlü bir spordur. Günlük yaşamda olduğu gibi satranç oyununda da, karşılaşılan durumlar değerlendirilip gerekli hesaplamalar yapılır ve probleme özgü en doğru hamleyi yapmak hedeflenir. Bu yönüyle satranç, bilişsel süreçlerden sorumlu olan prefrontal korteks etkinliğini artırmaya yardımcı olabilmektedir. Bilişsel süreçlerin anlaşılması ve geliştirilmesiyle ilişkilendirilen mekanizmalardan biri ise otonom sinir sistemi (OSS) aktivitesidir. OSS‘deki sempatik ve parasempatik aktivitenin yordanmasında kullanılan ve psikofizyolojik bir parametre olan kalp atım hızı değişkenliği (KAHD), kalp-beyin etkileşiminin göstergesi niteliğindedir. Bu etkileşim esas alındığında, nöromodilasyon yöntemleri ile OSS aktivasyonu düzenlenerek analitik düşünme ve problem çözme gibi önemli bilişsel süreçleri içeren satranç ve benzeri zihinsel performans unsurlarının gelişimine katkı sunulabilir. Bu nedenle araştırmanın amacı, satranç performansı sırasında uygulanan transkraniyal doğru akım stimülasyonunun (tDAS) kalp atım hızı değişkenliği üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Araştırmaya, 18-30 yaş aralığında (ort: 21.76), 18 kadın; 32 erkek olmak üzere toplam 50 satranç sporcusu katıldı. Satranç müsabakası esnasında katılımcıların, 2 farklı koşul (tDAS+ tDAS-), 3 farklı zamanda (müsabaka öncesi, esnası, sonrası) KAHD verileri kaydedildi. Çalışmadan elde edilen veriler, Sosyal Bilimler için istatistik Programı (SPSS) Windows 29.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) kullanılarak analiz edildi. KAHD verileri için 2 (koşul; tDAS+, tDAS-) x 3 (zaman) tekrarlı ölçümlerde varyans alanizi yapıldı (Repeated Measures ANOVA). İkili karşılaştırmalarda, Bonferroni düzeltmesi uygulandı. tDAS (+/-) uygulamaları arasındaki KAHD değerlerinin ikili karşılaştırılmasında eşleştirilmiş iki örneklem t testi (paired samles t-test) analizi yapıldı. Bulgular incelendiğinde ANOVA sonuçlarına göre, Koşul*SDNN= F (2, 86)=5.570, p=.006, ηp 2=.115, power=.828. ve Koşul*r-MSSD= F (2, 84)=5.788, p= .007, ηp2= .121, power=.813. etkileşim değerlerinde anlamlı farklılık tespit edildi. Eşleştirilmiş iki örneklem t testine göre müsabaka sonrası tDAS uygulamasının olduğu koşul lehine SDNN (t48=2.59, p<.01) ve r-MSSD (t46=2.55, p<.01) değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak satranç sporcularına uygulanan tDAS‘ın bilişsel yükü azalttığı, KAHD‘yi artırdığı ve böylece OSS aktivitesine olumlu etkileri olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Chess is a versatile sport that involves cognitive processes and can be integrated into daily life. As in daily life, in the game of chess, the situations encountered are evaluated, necessary calculations are made and it is aimed to make the most correct move specific to the problem. In this respect, chess can help increase the efficiency of the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for cognitive processes. One of the mechanisms associated with understanding and improving cognitive processes is autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Heart rate variability (HRV), a psychophysiological parameter used to predict sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the ANS, is an indicator of heart-brain interaction. Based on this interaction, neuromodulation methods can contribute to the development of chess and similar mental performance elements that involve important cognitive processes such as analytical thinking and problem solving by regulating ANS activation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on heart rate variability during chess performance. A total of 50 chess athletes, 18 females and 32 males, aged between 18-30 years (mean: 21.76), participated in the study. During the chess competition, the participants' HRV data were recorded in 2 different conditions (tDCS+ tDCS-) and 3 different times (before, during and after the competition). The data obtained from the study were analyzed using Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) Windows 29.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). A 2 (condition; tDCS+, tDCS-) x 3 (time) repeated measures analysis of variance was performed for HRV data. Bonferroni correction was applied for pairwise comparisons. Paired samples t-test analysis was performed for the pairwise comparison of the HRV values between tDCS (+/-) applications. When the findings were analyzed, according to the ANOVA results, a significant difference was found in the values of the time domain axis metrics of HRV in Condition*SDNN= F (2, 86)=5.570, p=.006, ηp2=.115, power=.828. and Condition*r- MSSD= F (2, 84)=5.788, p= .007, ηp2= .121, power=.813. According to the paired two sample t test, there was a statistically significant difference in SDNN (t48=2.59, p<.01) and r- MSSD (t46=2.55, p<.01) values in favor of the condition with tDCS application after the competition. In conclusion, it was observed that tDCS applied to chess athletes decreased cognitive fatigue, increased HRV and thus had positive effects on ANS activity.
Chess is a versatile sport that involves cognitive processes and can be integrated into daily life. As in daily life, in the game of chess, the situations encountered are evaluated, necessary calculations are made and it is aimed to make the most correct move specific to the problem. In this respect, chess can help increase the efficiency of the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for cognitive processes. One of the mechanisms associated with understanding and improving cognitive processes is autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Heart rate variability (HRV), a psychophysiological parameter used to predict sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the ANS, is an indicator of heart-brain interaction. Based on this interaction, neuromodulation methods can contribute to the development of chess and similar mental performance elements that involve important cognitive processes such as analytical thinking and problem solving by regulating ANS activation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on heart rate variability during chess performance. A total of 50 chess athletes, 18 females and 32 males, aged between 18-30 years (mean: 21.76), participated in the study. During the chess competition, the participants' HRV data were recorded in 2 different conditions (tDCS+ tDCS-) and 3 different times (before, during and after the competition). The data obtained from the study were analyzed using Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) Windows 29.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). A 2 (condition; tDCS+, tDCS-) x 3 (time) repeated measures analysis of variance was performed for HRV data. Bonferroni correction was applied for pairwise comparisons. Paired samples t-test analysis was performed for the pairwise comparison of the HRV values between tDCS (+/-) applications. When the findings were analyzed, according to the ANOVA results, a significant difference was found in the values of the time domain axis metrics of HRV in Condition*SDNN= F (2, 86)=5.570, p=.006, ηp2=.115, power=.828. and Condition*r- MSSD= F (2, 84)=5.788, p= .007, ηp2= .121, power=.813. According to the paired two sample t test, there was a statistically significant difference in SDNN (t48=2.59, p<.01) and r- MSSD (t46=2.55, p<.01) values in favor of the condition with tDCS application after the competition. In conclusion, it was observed that tDCS applied to chess athletes decreased cognitive fatigue, increased HRV and thus had positive effects on ANS activity.
Description
Keywords
DLPFK, Kalp atım hızı değişkenliği, Performans, Satranç, tDAS, Chess, DLPFC, Heart rate variability, tDCS