Publication: Avrupa Birliği’nin değişen enerji ihtiyacı karşısında Kafkasya jeopolitiği ve Türkiye’ye yansımaları
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Authors
Baştürk, Nurbanu
Advisor
Canbolat, İbrahim
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Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) enerji üretimi, iç tüketimini karşılayamadığından arz çeşitliliği sağlamadan talep ihtiyacını yüksek oranda Rus enerji kaynaklarından ithal ederek çözmeye çalışmıştır. AB’nin enerjinin arzında ve kaynağında çeşitlilik sağlayamaması, Rusya ile asimetrik bağımlılığın oluşmasına neden olmuştur. AB’nin enerji bileşiminde Rus kaynaklarının payının oldukça yüksek olması sebebiyle karşılıklı bağımlılıktaki asimetrinin Rusya’nın lehine olmasına yol açmıştır. Rusya tarafından AB’nin aleyhine kullanılan bu asimetri, enerji krizlerinde Avrupa enerji güvenliğinin sağlanamamasına neden olmuştur. Bundan dolayı AB enerji güvenliğinin tehdit edilmesi bu çalışmanın temel sorununu oluşturmuştur. Rus enerjisine karşı kırılganlığını azaltarak enerji güvenliğini sağlamak isteyen AB, arz çeşitliliği arayışına girmiştir. AB’nin çeşitlilik arayışında zengin enerji kaynaklarını barındıran Kafkasya jeopolitiğine yönelmesi durumunda, duyarlılık ve savunmasızlık düzeyinin Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Teorisi üzerinden çıkarımlarda bulunularak bu çalışmanın hipotezleri analiz edilmiştir. Genel çerçevede Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Teorisiyle gelişen duyarlılık, kırılganlık düzeyi ana analiz aracı olarak ele alınsa da nitel araştırma yöntemi olan örnek olay modeli de kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak ise doküman analizi, gözlem ve söylem analizi kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda AB’nin arz çeşitliliği arayışında Kafkasya jeopolitiğinin maliyet etkin bir kaynak olduğu görülmüştür. Özellikle Azerbaycan gazının, AB’nin Rus gazına olan savunmasızlık düzeyini düşüreceği ve AB enerji bileşiminde payının artacağı öngörülmüştür. Buna rağmen AB’nin ithal ettiği Rus gazının yerini kısa vadede Azerbaycan gazının alması mümkün görülmemiştir.
Since the energy production of the European Union (EU) cannot meet its domestic consumption, it has tried to meet its demand needs by importing a high percentage of Russian energy resources without providing diversity of supply. The EU's inability to provide diversify the supply and source of energy has led to the formation of asymmetric dependence with Russia. The high share of Russian resources in the EU's energy mix has led to an asymmetry in interdependence in Russia's favor. This asymmetry, used by Russia to the detriment of the EU, has led to the inbility to ensure European energy security in energy crises. Therefore, the threat to EU energy security constitutes the main problem of this study. The EU, which wants to ensure energy security by reducing its vulnerability to Russian energy, has sought supply diversity. In case the EU turns to the Caucasus geopolitics, which hosts rich energy resources, in its search for diversity, the hypotheses of this study were analyzed by making inferences about the level of sensitivity and vulnerability through the Interdependence Theory. Although the sensitivity and vulnerability level developed with the Theory of Interdependence were considered as the main analysis tool, the case study model, which is a qualitative research method, was also used. Document analysis, observation and discourse analysis were used as data collection tools. As a result of this study, it has been seen that the Caucasus geopolitics is a cost-effective source in the EU's search for supply diversity. In particular, it was predicted that Azerbaijani gas would reduce the EU's vulnerability to Russian gas and its share in the EU energy mix would increase. Despite this, it is not considered possible to replace the Russian gas imported by the EU with Azerbaijani gas in the short term.
Since the energy production of the European Union (EU) cannot meet its domestic consumption, it has tried to meet its demand needs by importing a high percentage of Russian energy resources without providing diversity of supply. The EU's inability to provide diversify the supply and source of energy has led to the formation of asymmetric dependence with Russia. The high share of Russian resources in the EU's energy mix has led to an asymmetry in interdependence in Russia's favor. This asymmetry, used by Russia to the detriment of the EU, has led to the inbility to ensure European energy security in energy crises. Therefore, the threat to EU energy security constitutes the main problem of this study. The EU, which wants to ensure energy security by reducing its vulnerability to Russian energy, has sought supply diversity. In case the EU turns to the Caucasus geopolitics, which hosts rich energy resources, in its search for diversity, the hypotheses of this study were analyzed by making inferences about the level of sensitivity and vulnerability through the Interdependence Theory. Although the sensitivity and vulnerability level developed with the Theory of Interdependence were considered as the main analysis tool, the case study model, which is a qualitative research method, was also used. Document analysis, observation and discourse analysis were used as data collection tools. As a result of this study, it has been seen that the Caucasus geopolitics is a cost-effective source in the EU's search for supply diversity. In particular, it was predicted that Azerbaijani gas would reduce the EU's vulnerability to Russian gas and its share in the EU energy mix would increase. Despite this, it is not considered possible to replace the Russian gas imported by the EU with Azerbaijani gas in the short term.
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Keywords
Karşılıklı bağımlılık teorisi, Enerji güvenliği, Avrupa Birliği, Kafkasya jeopolitiği, Türkiye, Interdependence theory, Energy security, European Union, Caucasus geopolitics