Politik anayasacılık ekseninde 1961 Anayasası'nın mahiyeti
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Date
2018-05-23
Authors
Satır, Kadriye Ümran
Journal Title
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Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, anayasacılık düşüncesinin gelişimi, özelde de politik anayasacılık anlayışının mahiyetinin 1961 Anayasası üzerinden değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Anayasacılık akımı doğal hukuk, toplum sözleşmesi ve kuvvetler ayrılığı ilkesi çerçevesinde geliştirilmiştir. Anayasacılık temelde siyasal iktidarın keyfi yönetimine karşı temel hak ve özgürlüklerin garanti altına alınmasıyla birlikte bu iktidarın denge-fren mekanizmasıyla kontrol altında tutulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Politik anayasacılık, anayasanın toplumla olan bağlarına dikkat çeker. Anayasanın asıl sahibini kurucu iktidar olarak görmez; toplum iradesinin bizzat sahibi olan halkı esas alır. Politik anayasacılık anlayışı, özünde politik bir metin olan anayasaların, siyasal iktidar ile toplum arasında imzalanan bir sözleşme niteliğinde olması gerektiğini ve bu durumun da anayasaların sosyo-politik meşruiyetini arttırıcı bir unsur olduğuna vurgu yapmaktadır. 1961 Anayasası yapım sürecinde uygulanan "kurucu meclis" sistemi anayasanın toplum sözleşmesi niteliğinde oluşu açısından önemli olmakla birlikte, meclisin oluşumu ve halkı temsil niteliğinin eksikliği yönünden demokratik bir şekilde gerçekleşmemiştir. 1961 Anayasası, çoğulcu demokratik düzeni gerçekleştirebilmek için bir dizi hüküm kabul etmiştir. Bunlardan belki de en önemlisi Anayasa Mahkemesi'nin kuruluşudur. Anayasanın üstünlüğü ilkesi teorik düzeyde ifade edilmekle yetinilmemiş, kanunların anayasaya uygunluğunun yargısal denetimi yoluyla gerçek güvence ve müeyyidesi sağlanmıştır. Çift meclis sistemi ile parlâmentonun çoğunluk gücüne dayanarak keyfi uygulamaları engellenmek istenmiştir. Hak ve özgürlükler alanında ise sistemli ve ayrıntılı düzenlemeler yoluna gidilmiştir. Ancak bütün bu düzenlemelerin yanında özellikle 1971 ve 1973 yıllarında yapılan değişiklikler ile askerî otoritenin sivil otorite karşısında ayrıcalıklar elde edeceği düzenlemeler getirilmiştir.
In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the development of constitutional thought, in particular the nature of political constitutionalism through the 1961 Constitution. Constitutionalism has been developed within the framework of natural law, social contract and the principle of separation of powers. Constitutionalism mainly aims to guarantee fundamental rights and freedoms against the arbitrary administration of political power and to keep this power under control by the checkbalance mechanism. Political constitutionalism draws attention to the bonds of constitution with society. It does not consider the real owner of the Constitution as constitutive power; it considers the people who are the owners of the will of society. The concept of political constitutionalism emphasizes that constitutions, essentially political texts, must have the characteristics of a contract signed between political power and society, which in turn increases the socio-political legitimacy of constitutions. Although it is important in terms of being a constitution of society, the "constituent assembly" system applied in the 1961 Constitution was not democratic in terms of the constitution of the assembly and the lack of representation of the people. The 1961 Constitution adopted a number of provisions to achieve a pluralistic democratic regime. Perhaps the most important of these is the establishment of the Constitutional Court. The principle of the supremacy of the Constitution was not satisfied by being expressed at the theoretical level, but by the judicial review of the conformity of the laws to the constitution, real assurance and sanctions were provided. With the dual-parliamentary system, it is desired to prevent arbitrary applications based on the majority power of parliament. As to the field of rights and freedoms, systematic and detailed regulations have been made. However, amendments made in 1971 and 1973, along with all of these regulations, introduced regulations for the military authority to obtain privileges in the face of civilian authority.
In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the development of constitutional thought, in particular the nature of political constitutionalism through the 1961 Constitution. Constitutionalism has been developed within the framework of natural law, social contract and the principle of separation of powers. Constitutionalism mainly aims to guarantee fundamental rights and freedoms against the arbitrary administration of political power and to keep this power under control by the checkbalance mechanism. Political constitutionalism draws attention to the bonds of constitution with society. It does not consider the real owner of the Constitution as constitutive power; it considers the people who are the owners of the will of society. The concept of political constitutionalism emphasizes that constitutions, essentially political texts, must have the characteristics of a contract signed between political power and society, which in turn increases the socio-political legitimacy of constitutions. Although it is important in terms of being a constitution of society, the "constituent assembly" system applied in the 1961 Constitution was not democratic in terms of the constitution of the assembly and the lack of representation of the people. The 1961 Constitution adopted a number of provisions to achieve a pluralistic democratic regime. Perhaps the most important of these is the establishment of the Constitutional Court. The principle of the supremacy of the Constitution was not satisfied by being expressed at the theoretical level, but by the judicial review of the conformity of the laws to the constitution, real assurance and sanctions were provided. With the dual-parliamentary system, it is desired to prevent arbitrary applications based on the majority power of parliament. As to the field of rights and freedoms, systematic and detailed regulations have been made. However, amendments made in 1971 and 1973, along with all of these regulations, introduced regulations for the military authority to obtain privileges in the face of civilian authority.
Description
Keywords
Anayasacılık, Politik anayasacılık, Kurucu iktidar, Anayasa Mahkemesi, 1961 Anayasası, Constitutionalism, Political constitutionaslism, Constituent power, Constitutional court
Citation
Satır, K. Ü. (2018). Politik anayasacılık ekseninde 1961 Anayasası'nın mahiyeti. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.