19. yüzyıl Osmanlısında ticaret hukukundaki dönüşümün iktisadi ilişkilere yansımaları: Kurumsal bir analiz
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Date
2022-02-10
Authors
Alkan, Halime
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
19. yüzyıl Osmanlı tarihinde özellikle Tanzimat’ın ilanından itibaren her alanda köklü değişim ve dönüşümlerin yaşandığı bir dönemdir. Tanzimat ismi “nizam” kökünden gelmektedir. Yabancı literatürde ise Tanzimat, legislation olarak da tabir edilmektedir. Bu dönem bu isimlere uygun bir şekilde kanunlaştırma faaliyetlerinin başladığı bir dönem olmuştur. Kanunlaştırmalar ilk olarak Ticaret Hukuku alanında başlamıştır. Osmanlı’nın ilk Ticaret Kanunu 1850 yılında Fransız Ticaret Kanunu’ndan çeviri yoluyla yürürlüğe girmiştir. Yaklaşık 20 yıl sonra Medeni Hukuk ve Borçlar Hukuku alanlarında bu defa İslam hukukunun kodifikasyonu yoluyla Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye ilan edilmiştir. Bu dönemde ayrıca kanunlaştırmalar yanında adli teşkilatta da değişiklikler yapılmış ve Osmanlı’nın mevcut yargı kurumlarının yanına ticaret mahkemeleri ve nizamiye mahkemeleri teşkil edilmiştir. Böylece yeni kanunların uygulanacağı yargı kurumları oluşturulmuştur. Bu süreçte bir taraftan birbirlerine zıt kökenlere sahip olan bu kanunlar beraber yürürlükte oldukları dönemde birbirlerinin boşluklarını doldurmuştur. Diğer taraftan faaliyet alanları birbirinden farklı olarak kurgulanan ve bu konuda gerekli düzenlemeler yapılan bu mahkemeler zaman zaman birbirlerini ikame etmiştir. Dolayısıyla Osmanlı hukuk tarihi açısından bu dönem bir yandan “hukukta ikilik” görünümündeyken, aynı zamanda mahkemeleri kullanacak ve kanunlardan yararlanacak kesimler için “hukuki çoğulculuk” ortamı izlenimi vermiştir. Çalışmada bu dönemde çeşitli ihtilaflar nedeniyle söz konusu mahkemelere başvuran taraflar arasında görülen davalardan iktisadi ve ticari olanlar seçilerek ilişki türleri ve tarafları gibi çeşitli açılardan değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca dava süreçleri ve sonucu, iktisadi gelişmeyi pek çok boyutu ile ele alan ve özellikle ticaret kanunlarındaki gelişim düzeyine bağlı olarak açıklayan kurumsal iktisadın kavramsal araçlarıyla analiz edilmiştir.
The 19th century is a period in Ottoman history, in which radical changes and transformations were experienced in every field, especially since the proclamation of the Tanzimat. The name Tanzimat comes from the root of "regulation". In foreign literature, the Tanzimat is also referred to as "legislation". This period was a period in which legalization activities began in accordance with these names. Codifications first started in the field of Commercial Law. The first Commercial Code of the Ottoman Empire entered into force in 1850 by translation from the French Commercial Code. About 20 years later, Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye was declared through the codification of Islamic law in the fields of Civil Law and Law of Obligations. In this period, besides enactments, some changes were made in the judicial organization. In this context, commercial courts and nizamiye courts were established next to the existing judicial institutions of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, judicial institutions were established to enforce the law. In this process, on the one hand, these laws, which have opposite origins, filled each other's gaps when they were in force together. On the other hand, these courts, whose fields of activity were designed differently from each other and necessary arrangements were made in this regard, substituted each other from time to time. Therefore, in terms of Ottoman legal history, while this period had the appearance of "duality in law", it also gave the impression of "legal pluralism" for those who would use the courts and benefit from the laws. In this study, economic and commercial cases were selected from among the parties that applied to the said courts due to various disputes in this period, and were evaluated from various aspects such as relationship types and parties. In addition, the litigation processes and outcome were analyzed with the conceptual tools of institutional economics which deals with economic development with its many dimensions and explains it especially depending on the level of development in commercial laws.
The 19th century is a period in Ottoman history, in which radical changes and transformations were experienced in every field, especially since the proclamation of the Tanzimat. The name Tanzimat comes from the root of "regulation". In foreign literature, the Tanzimat is also referred to as "legislation". This period was a period in which legalization activities began in accordance with these names. Codifications first started in the field of Commercial Law. The first Commercial Code of the Ottoman Empire entered into force in 1850 by translation from the French Commercial Code. About 20 years later, Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye was declared through the codification of Islamic law in the fields of Civil Law and Law of Obligations. In this period, besides enactments, some changes were made in the judicial organization. In this context, commercial courts and nizamiye courts were established next to the existing judicial institutions of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, judicial institutions were established to enforce the law. In this process, on the one hand, these laws, which have opposite origins, filled each other's gaps when they were in force together. On the other hand, these courts, whose fields of activity were designed differently from each other and necessary arrangements were made in this regard, substituted each other from time to time. Therefore, in terms of Ottoman legal history, while this period had the appearance of "duality in law", it also gave the impression of "legal pluralism" for those who would use the courts and benefit from the laws. In this study, economic and commercial cases were selected from among the parties that applied to the said courts due to various disputes in this period, and were evaluated from various aspects such as relationship types and parties. In addition, the litigation processes and outcome were analyzed with the conceptual tools of institutional economics which deals with economic development with its many dimensions and explains it especially depending on the level of development in commercial laws.
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Keywords
Osmanlı ticaret hukuku, Ticaret kanunnâmesi, Mecelle, Ceride-i Mehâkim, Ottoman commercial law, Commercial code
Citation
Alkan, H. (2022). 19. yüzyıl Osmanlısında ticaret hukukundaki dönüşümün iktisadi ilişkilere yansımaları: Kurumsal bir analiz. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.