Şam ve Beyrut'ta siyaset ve modernleşme (1860-1914)
Loading...
Files
Date
2011-11-01
Authors
Karakoç, Fulya Düvenci
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Osmanlı Devleti'nin son dönemlerinde devlete eski gücünü kazandırmayı hedefleyen çabalar gündemdeydi. Modernleşmenin sistemli bir hareket olarak başlaması 18. Yüzyıl başından itibaren olmuştur. Diğer toplumlardan önemli bir farkla medrese yenilikler önünde engel olmuş, yönetici üst tabaka ise süreci yönlendirmiştir. II. Abdülhamid, modernleşmenin topyekûn seferberlik özelliğini kavramış olmasıyla dikkati çeker. Ordu, bürokrasi, yargı, ekonomi, sağlık, eğitim, basın gibi pek çok alanda modern Türkiye'nin temelleri Abdülhamid döneminde atılmıştır.Suriye ve Lübnan toprakları çok farklı güçlerin etkileri altındaydı. Fransa Katolikleri, İngiltere Protestanları koruyordu. Amerikan misyoner faaliyetleri 19. Yüzyılda arttı ve bölgede Osmanlı Hıristiyanlarının mezhep hareketliliği hızlandı. 1854'de Süveyş Kanalı'nın gündeme gelmesi ile rekabet arttı. Fransızlar Marunîleri, İngilizler Dürzîleri kışkırttı ve karışıklık ortamı oluştu.1899'da Rum Metropolidi, Ermeni Murahhası, Ermeni Katolik Patrik vekili, Rum Katolik Metropolidi, Marunî Metropoliti, Süryanî Katolik Ruhani Reisi ve Hahambaşı bölgede dini liderlik yapıyordu. Bu, bir yandan demografik çeşitliliğe işaret ederken, diğer yandan da devletin her milletin liderliğini tanıdığını gösteriyordu.Beyrut ve Şam, modernleşmenin olanaklarından yararlanmıştı. 1869'da İstanbul'un ardından Şam'da atla çekilen tramvay devreye girmiş, hemen ardından elektrikli hale gelmişti. Diğer çok önemli kentsel gelişme de Şam Beyrut şosesi ile Şam'ın Akdeniz'e bağlantısının geliştirilmesiydi. Haberleşme geliştirilerek her sancak ve kazaya telgraf ofisi kuruldu. Özellikle yabancıların kontrolündeki eğitim kurumları yaygındı ve bu dönemdeki atılımla yeni ve çok sayıda Osmanlı okulları eklendi. Basın yayın faaliyetlerindeki çeşitlilik, havagazı, elektrik gibi modernitenin erken izleri ile ekonomik yaşamda bankacılık, finans, sigorta ve hatta emeklilik gibi gelişmiş yöntemlerin varlığı ise son derece dikkat çekicidir.
In the late times of Ottoman Empire, efforts to make its power as it had been in the past, were very active. Sistematic modernization begun in 18th century. As a difference than other societies, Medrese was against but bureaucracy was supporter of renewal. Abdülhamid II drew near to modernization as a whole system. There were newness at military, bureaucracy, judgement, economy, health, education and press and those renewals were the basis of modern Republic of Turkey.There were different powers acting in Ottoman Syria and Lebanon. Catholics were protected by France and Protestants were by England. In 19th century American missionary activities begun and denomination dynamism of Ottoman Christians grew up. In 1854 Suez Canal became a current issue and it was the new step of rivalry. Maronites were under provocation by France and Druses by England, so commotion took place.In 1899, Metropolid of Rums, Murahha of Armenians, Patriarch deputy of Armenian Catholics, Metropolid of Rum Catholics, Metropolid of Maronites, Leader of Süryanî Catholics and the Chief Rabbi were religious leaders. This was the sign of demographic diversity and acknowledgement of millets and their leaders. Beirut and Damascus benefit from facilities of modernisation. After using İstanbul in 1869, tram line with horses took place in Damascus and even after begun to work with electrical system. The other important improvement was the road between Damascus and Beirut in 1861, so that Damascus would have modern connection to Mediterranean. Communication systems were developed in his area so that every sancaks and kazas had a telegraph office. Education establishments were prevalent especially managed by Great Powers and in this term so many new Ottoman schools took place. As other striking points, kinds of press, coal gas, electric in use of society were the signs of early modernization and also in economic region there were banking, financial and assurance organizations and also early way of retiring system.
In the late times of Ottoman Empire, efforts to make its power as it had been in the past, were very active. Sistematic modernization begun in 18th century. As a difference than other societies, Medrese was against but bureaucracy was supporter of renewal. Abdülhamid II drew near to modernization as a whole system. There were newness at military, bureaucracy, judgement, economy, health, education and press and those renewals were the basis of modern Republic of Turkey.There were different powers acting in Ottoman Syria and Lebanon. Catholics were protected by France and Protestants were by England. In 19th century American missionary activities begun and denomination dynamism of Ottoman Christians grew up. In 1854 Suez Canal became a current issue and it was the new step of rivalry. Maronites were under provocation by France and Druses by England, so commotion took place.In 1899, Metropolid of Rums, Murahha of Armenians, Patriarch deputy of Armenian Catholics, Metropolid of Rum Catholics, Metropolid of Maronites, Leader of Süryanî Catholics and the Chief Rabbi were religious leaders. This was the sign of demographic diversity and acknowledgement of millets and their leaders. Beirut and Damascus benefit from facilities of modernisation. After using İstanbul in 1869, tram line with horses took place in Damascus and even after begun to work with electrical system. The other important improvement was the road between Damascus and Beirut in 1861, so that Damascus would have modern connection to Mediterranean. Communication systems were developed in his area so that every sancaks and kazas had a telegraph office. Education establishments were prevalent especially managed by Great Powers and in this term so many new Ottoman schools took place. As other striking points, kinds of press, coal gas, electric in use of society were the signs of early modernization and also in economic region there were banking, financial and assurance organizations and also early way of retiring system.
Description
Keywords
Şam, Beyrut, Osmanlı, Ortadoğu, Modernleşme, Uluslararası, Siyaset, Damascus, Beirut, Ottoman, Middle East, Modernization, International politics
Citation
Karakoç, F. D. (2011). Şam ve Beyrut'ta siyaset ve modernleşme (1860-1914). Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.