Elma taşımada zedelenmeye neden olan mekanik kuvvetlerin etkilerini en aza indiren ambalaj tipinin belirlenmesi
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Date
2004-11-04
Authors
Acıcan, Tuncay
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Elmanın hasadından pazar aşamasına kadar olan taşıma sürecinde oluşacak zedelenmeleri en aza indirmek çalışmamızın amacıdır. Bu amaç için; laboratuvar koşullarında yapılan taşıma testleri ile ambalaj içerisindeki elmalar üzerine gelen mekanik kuvvetler belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen bu mekanik kuvvet değerleri ve ambalaj içerisindeki elmalarda bu mekanik kuvvetlerin etkisiyle oluşan zedelenmeler bulunarak, mekanik kuvvet-zedelenme ilişkisi ortaya konulmuştur. Bu mekanik kuvvet (X) - zedelenme (Y) ilişkisi her iki elma çeşidinde de doğrusal olup, Granny Smith çeşidi elmada 0.97 'lik korelasyonla ilişkinin regresyon denklemi: Y = 0.9 * X - 3.4415 ve Starkspur Golden Delicious çeşidi elmada 0.97 'lik korelasyonla da ilişkinin regresyon denklemi: Y = 1.24 * X - 8.8856 'dır. Yapılan istatistik analizler sonucunda % 5 düzeyinde hata olasılığı ile meyve sıraları arasında her iki elma çeşidinde de en büyük zedelenmeler en alt sırada, en küçük zedelenmeler de en üst sırada olmuştur. Bu bilgilerin ışığında Ülkemizde yaygın olarak kullanılan ve en, boy ölçüleri 40 X 60 cm olan standart tip elma ambalajına göre zedelenmeyi azaltan A, B, C ve D tipinde 4 yeni ambalaj belirlenmiştir. A Tipi Ambalajda; ambalaj tabanı polietilen balonlu malzeme ile kaplanmıştır. B Tipi Ambalajda; ambalaj tabanı polietilen balonlu malzeme ile kaplanmış ve ambalaj içi dikdörtgen şekilde ortadan ikiye bölünmüştür. C Tipi Ambalajda; ambalaj tabanı polietilen balonlu malzeme ile kaplanmış ve ambalaj içi üçgen şekilde köşegenlerinden ikiye bölünmüştür. D Tipi Ambalajda; ambalaj tabanı polietilen balonlu malzeme ile kaplanmış ve iç tabanına 6 adet polietilen balonlu malzemeden yapılmış özel süspansiyon sistemi konulmuştur. Yapılan istatistik analizler sonucunda % 5 düzeyinde hata olasılığı ile ambalajlar arasındaki zedelenme farklılıkları şu şekilde olmuştur: Granny Smith çeşidi elmada taşıma zedelenmesi açısından en olumsuz ambalaj % 8.24 'lük en büyük ortalama zedelenme değeriyle standart tip ambalajdır. Taşıma zedelenmesi açısından en uygun ambalaj % 3.269 'luk en küçük ortalama zedelenme değeriyle D tipi ambalaj olup, bunu % 5.51 1 'lik ortalama zedelenme değeriyle C tipi ambalaj, % 6.183 'lük ortalama zedelenme değeriyle B tipi ambalaj ve % 6.967 'lik ortalama zedelenme değeriyle A tipi ambalaj izlemiştir. Starkspur Golden Delicious çeşidi elmada taşıma zedelenmesi açısından en olumsuz ambalajlar % 6.164, % 5.705 'lik en büyük ortalama zedelenme değerleriyle sırasıyla standart tip ve A tipi ambalajlardır. Burada standart ve A tipi ambalajlar arasında taşıma testleri sırasında oluşan zedelenmelerde ortalama değerler açısından farklılık görülmekte ancak, istatistiksel açıdan standart ve A tipi ambalajlar arasında % 5 düzeyinde hata olasılığı ile fark bulunmamıştır. Taşıma zedelenmesi açısından en uygun ambalaj % 2.76 'lik en küçük ortalama zedelenme değeriyle D tipi ambalaj olup, bunu % 4.582 'lik ortalama zedelenme değeriyle C tipi ambalaj, % 5.45 'lik ortalama zedelenme değeriyle B tipi ambalaj izlemiştir. Bütün ambalajlar içerisinde D tipi ambalaj taşıma testleri sonunda oluşan Granny Smith çeşidi elmada % 3.269 'luk, Starkspur Golden Delicious çeşidi elmada da % 2.76 'lik en az ortalama zedelenme değerleriyle en başarılısı olmuş ve diğer bütün ambalajlar içinden elma taşımada zedelenmeye neden olan mekanik kuvvetlerin etkilerini en aza indiren ambalaj tipi olarak belirlenmiştir.
Objective of the study is to reduce to minimum of mechanical damages given to apples during transportation between harvesting and marketing. To achive this; all the mechanical forces imposed on apples in the packagings were determined through the simulated transport tests under laboratory conditions. With the mechanical forces exerted upon apples, the resulted mechanical damages were spotted so that the relationship between force and bruising was established. This relationship between mechanical force ( X ) and bruising ( Y ) was linear in both apple cultivars, Granny Smith and Starkspur Golden Delicious, where in the former the regression equation with 0.97 correlation coefficient is: Y = 0.9 * X - 3.4415 and in the latter with the 0.97 correlation coefficient it was Y = 1.24 * X - 8.8856. The damage variations between rows by statistical analyses at 5 % level were; the largest damages occured in the bottom row, the smallest damages, on the other hand, occured in the top rows in both varieties. Based on these findings the following 4 new packaging types called A,B,C and D were proposed to reduce mechanical damage to minimum which are all comparable to the standard 40x60 cm apple wooden box. These new type packagings are: Type A; wooden box whose bottom covered with polyethylene air-beaded liner, Type B; same box whose inside partitioned to four rectangles, Type C; like type B except the inside partitioned to 2 triangles, and Type D; the bottom is covered with air- beaded polyethylene liner upow which lies a special suspension system. Based on statistical analyses at 5 % level, the variations in mechanical damages among these 4 types of boxes were as follows; the standard type packaging appeared to be the worst one, creating highest damage for Granny Smith apples with an average of 8.24 %. The best suitable box with lowest damage during transportation was Type D with on overall damage of 3.269 %, it was followed by Type C with 5,51 1 % and Type B with 6.183 % and Type A with 6,967 percentage. For Starkspur Golden Delicious variety, the standard box and Type A both were found to be unsuitable with 6.164 % and 5.705 % respectively. No statistical variations at 5 % level were found to be important between these two types although their means were different. The best suitable container for Starkspur Golden Delicious was the Type D with an average damage of 2.76 % followed by Type C with 4.582 % and Type B with 5,45 % among all the packaging types. The Type D appeared to be the most suitable one for both apple varieties, Granny Smith and Starkspur Golden Delicious, during transportation between harvest and marketing with average 3.269 % damage in the former and 2.76 % in the latter and type D box was determined to be the best container among all the other packaging types by lowering the impact of mechanical forces in the package which damage the apple during transportation.
Objective of the study is to reduce to minimum of mechanical damages given to apples during transportation between harvesting and marketing. To achive this; all the mechanical forces imposed on apples in the packagings were determined through the simulated transport tests under laboratory conditions. With the mechanical forces exerted upon apples, the resulted mechanical damages were spotted so that the relationship between force and bruising was established. This relationship between mechanical force ( X ) and bruising ( Y ) was linear in both apple cultivars, Granny Smith and Starkspur Golden Delicious, where in the former the regression equation with 0.97 correlation coefficient is: Y = 0.9 * X - 3.4415 and in the latter with the 0.97 correlation coefficient it was Y = 1.24 * X - 8.8856. The damage variations between rows by statistical analyses at 5 % level were; the largest damages occured in the bottom row, the smallest damages, on the other hand, occured in the top rows in both varieties. Based on these findings the following 4 new packaging types called A,B,C and D were proposed to reduce mechanical damage to minimum which are all comparable to the standard 40x60 cm apple wooden box. These new type packagings are: Type A; wooden box whose bottom covered with polyethylene air-beaded liner, Type B; same box whose inside partitioned to four rectangles, Type C; like type B except the inside partitioned to 2 triangles, and Type D; the bottom is covered with air- beaded polyethylene liner upow which lies a special suspension system. Based on statistical analyses at 5 % level, the variations in mechanical damages among these 4 types of boxes were as follows; the standard type packaging appeared to be the worst one, creating highest damage for Granny Smith apples with an average of 8.24 %. The best suitable box with lowest damage during transportation was Type D with on overall damage of 3.269 %, it was followed by Type C with 5,51 1 % and Type B with 6.183 % and Type A with 6,967 percentage. For Starkspur Golden Delicious variety, the standard box and Type A both were found to be unsuitable with 6.164 % and 5.705 % respectively. No statistical variations at 5 % level were found to be important between these two types although their means were different. The best suitable container for Starkspur Golden Delicious was the Type D with an average damage of 2.76 % followed by Type C with 4.582 % and Type B with 5,45 % among all the packaging types. The Type D appeared to be the most suitable one for both apple varieties, Granny Smith and Starkspur Golden Delicious, during transportation between harvest and marketing with average 3.269 % damage in the former and 2.76 % in the latter and type D box was determined to be the best container among all the other packaging types by lowering the impact of mechanical forces in the package which damage the apple during transportation.
Description
Keywords
Elma, Ambalaj, Taşıma testleri, Zedelenme, Apple, Package, Simulated transportation tests, Mechanical damage
Citation
Acıcan, T. (2004). Elma taşımada zedelenmeye neden olan mekanik kuvvetlerin etkilerini en aza indiren ambalaj tipinin belirlenmesi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.