Güney Marmara bölgesin’de bal arılarının chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis) infeksiyonunda predispozisyon faktörleri
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Date
2010
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Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışma ile Bursa ve çevresindeki arıcılık işletmelerinde görülen mantar enfeksiyonlarının yaygınlığının ve etkili mantar türlerinin belirlenmesi ile birlikte bu enfeksiyonlarda önem taşıyan predispozisyon faktörlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam 6 istasyonda 84 kovan incelenmiş, 84 kovanın 20’sinde (%23.8) klinik olarak mantar infeksiyonu semptomları gözlenmiştir. Kireç hastalığı bulguları gösteren 20 kovandan larva ve işçi arı örnekleri alınarak klinik olarak mantar infeksiyonu şüpheli 20 kovandan alınan her iki tür materyalin (larva ve işçi arı) tümünden (%100) her iki izolasyon yöntemi ile kireç hastalığı’nın etkeni A. apis izole edildmiştir. Ayrıca 20 kovanın dört (%20)’üne ait işçi arı örneklerinden aynı zamanda Penicillium spp. izole edilmiştir. Đzolasyon çalışmaları sonucunda taş hastalığı nedeni olan mantar türlerine rastlanmamış olup yapılan ölçümler sonucu izolatlar Ascosphaera apis (A.apis) olarak identifiye edilmiştir. Örneklerin alındığı bölgelerde ve işletmelerde mantar infeksiyonunun oluşmasında etkili olabilecek predispozisyon faktörlerinin varlığı belirlenerek iki aylık aralıklarla iki yıl boyunca kovanlardan etken üremesi olup olmadığını incelemek için örnekler alınmıştır. Mantar infeksiyon bulguları olan ve A. apis izolasyonu yapılan 20 kovanın 19’unda (%95) Varroa enfestasyonu, 17 kovanda (%85) ise koruma amaçlı antibiyotik (Apimisin-Eritromisin) kullanıldığı saptanmıştır. Yapılan Ki-Kare testine göre kireç hastalığı infeksiyonu bulunan kovanlarda Varroa enfestasyonu tek olarak diğer predispozisyon faktörlerine göre istatistiksel olarak daha önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Varroa enfestasyonu, eski petek kullanımı ve antibiyotik uygulaması gibi predispozisyon faktörlerinin aynı anda bulunduğu kireç hastalığı infeksiyonlu kovanlar ile diğer kovanlar arasındaki fark da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Goal: There are few reports on the presence of chalkbrood and other mycotic diseases in honey bees in north-west Turkey. The aims of the present study were to determine the fungal agents in apiaries with clinical symptoms of fungal infections and the predisposing factors in chalkbrood disease. Materials and Methods: From August 2003 to August 2005, 84 colonies were clinically examined for chalkbrood symptoms. The effect of predisposing factors were noted for fungal infections. Use of old comb in hives, comb transfer, elevation of the colonies from the ground, antibiotic application, varroa mites infestation, foulbrood diseases and presence of tall plants surrounding the hives were analized. Humidity level was recorded according to the Turkish State Meteorological Service Data (Turkish State Meterorological Service Datas in the Republic of Turkey, 2000-2005). Clinical examination The pollen traps, bottom boards, and any uncapped cells on all frames as well as colony entrance and surrounding areas were examined for chalkbrood mummies. Mummies were removed from the colonies and counted. Predisposing factors were recorded for chalkbrood infection in hives with clinical symptoms. Mycological examination Brood samples and adult worker bees were collected for mycological examination from 20 beehives showing clinical symptoms of chalkbrood disease. Brood samples and worker bee samples were cultured with different methods. Statistical analysis The chi square test was used to detect the single and combined effects of predisposing factors on chalkbrood disease by using GraphPad InStat computer software V2.02 (GraphPad Software, Inc. San Diego, CA, USA).In this study, 84 beehives located in north-west Turkey were examined in a period between August 2003 and August 2005 for chalkbrood disease and predisposing factors. Mummified broods and healthy appearing worker honeybees from colonies with clinical symptoms of chalkbrood disease were collected and cultured for microbiological examination. Ascosphaera apis (A. apis) was isolated from all samples in 20 (100%) hives. Predisposing factors for chalkbrood infection were examined and recorded. Varroa destructor (V. destructor) infestation was detected as the most important predisposing factor. Also, use of old combs and application of antibiotics were very effective predisposition factors. We observed clinical symptoms of chalkbrood in beehives especially during early spring since humidity was very effective on chalkbrood disease. Examined beehives were periodically monitored for the following two years and preventive precautions were recommended against the fungal infections, which were examined in later visits. Removing old combs from hives and refreshment of water in apiaries were more important than other precautions. We also observed that clinical symptoms disappeared without any treatment when prophylactic measures were carefully applied.
Goal: There are few reports on the presence of chalkbrood and other mycotic diseases in honey bees in north-west Turkey. The aims of the present study were to determine the fungal agents in apiaries with clinical symptoms of fungal infections and the predisposing factors in chalkbrood disease. Materials and Methods: From August 2003 to August 2005, 84 colonies were clinically examined for chalkbrood symptoms. The effect of predisposing factors were noted for fungal infections. Use of old comb in hives, comb transfer, elevation of the colonies from the ground, antibiotic application, varroa mites infestation, foulbrood diseases and presence of tall plants surrounding the hives were analized. Humidity level was recorded according to the Turkish State Meteorological Service Data (Turkish State Meterorological Service Datas in the Republic of Turkey, 2000-2005). Clinical examination The pollen traps, bottom boards, and any uncapped cells on all frames as well as colony entrance and surrounding areas were examined for chalkbrood mummies. Mummies were removed from the colonies and counted. Predisposing factors were recorded for chalkbrood infection in hives with clinical symptoms. Mycological examination Brood samples and adult worker bees were collected for mycological examination from 20 beehives showing clinical symptoms of chalkbrood disease. Brood samples and worker bee samples were cultured with different methods. Statistical analysis The chi square test was used to detect the single and combined effects of predisposing factors on chalkbrood disease by using GraphPad InStat computer software V2.02 (GraphPad Software, Inc. San Diego, CA, USA).In this study, 84 beehives located in north-west Turkey were examined in a period between August 2003 and August 2005 for chalkbrood disease and predisposing factors. Mummified broods and healthy appearing worker honeybees from colonies with clinical symptoms of chalkbrood disease were collected and cultured for microbiological examination. Ascosphaera apis (A. apis) was isolated from all samples in 20 (100%) hives. Predisposing factors for chalkbrood infection were examined and recorded. Varroa destructor (V. destructor) infestation was detected as the most important predisposing factor. Also, use of old combs and application of antibiotics were very effective predisposition factors. We observed clinical symptoms of chalkbrood in beehives especially during early spring since humidity was very effective on chalkbrood disease. Examined beehives were periodically monitored for the following two years and preventive precautions were recommended against the fungal infections, which were examined in later visits. Removing old combs from hives and refreshment of water in apiaries were more important than other precautions. We also observed that clinical symptoms disappeared without any treatment when prophylactic measures were carefully applied.
Description
Keywords
Ascosphaera apis, Predisposizyon faktörleri, Chalkbrood, Bal arısı, Ascosphaera apis, Predisposing factors, Honeybee
Citation
Borum, A. E. ve Ülgen, M. (2010). "Güney Marmara bölgesin’de bal arılarının chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis) infeksiyonunda predispozisyon faktörleri". Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 10(2), 56-69.