A comprehensive review of mechanism, detection methods and prevention for lithium plating on anodes in lithium-ıon batteries

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries have taken over as an energy source because they are renewable, they are more environmentally friendly and eco-friendly than limited resources ike petroleum. Recent research into fast charging and high energy density has contributed to the popularity of lithium-ion batteries with electric vehicles. Nonetheless, xtreme cases of fast charging at high C-rates and low temperatures induce lithium plating on the anode surface. This phenomenon causes dendritic growth that endangers safety through short circuits, thermal runaway, and capacity fade. This review presents a structured evaluation of lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries, focusing on its formation mechanisms, triggering factors, detection methods, and prevention strategies. Various detection techniques—including electrochemical, imaging, physical, chemical, and model-based approaches—are critically assessed based on their sensitivity, practicality, and integration potential. Their strengths and limitations are synthesized and compared. Emerging trends such as hybrid diagnostics and machine learning-assisted detection are also discussed. Finally, future research directions are proposed to support the development of accurate and real-time lithium plating detection for advanced battery management systems.