Yayın: Tarihsel süreçte İmâmiyye Şîa’sında sahâbe tasavvuru
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Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
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Şiî-İmâmî geleneğin inanç sisteminin temelinde nas ile tayin edilmiş bir imam düşüncesi bulunmaktadır. Bu nazariyeye göre Hz. Peygamberden sonra halife seçilen Hz. Ebû Bekir ve kendisinden sonra hilâfete geçenlerin halifelikleri geçersizdir. Bundan dolayı da Hz. Ali’nin imâmet/hilâfet hakkına aykırı hareket eden kişiler sahâbe vasfını kaybetmiştir. İlâhî imâmet nazariyesinin ispat edilebilmesi için gerek Kur'ân ayetleri gerekse tarihî olaylar bağlamlarından koparılarak mezhebî bakış açısıyla çok farklı şekillerde yorumlanmıştır. Şiî-İmâmî geleneğin sahâbe algısının şekillenmesinde siyasî bir mesele olan imâmet düşüncesi merkezi bir rol oynamıştır. Şiî-Sünnî öteki algısının oluşumunda da sahâbe konusu en önemli etkenlerdendir. Şîa’nın sahâbeyi sıradanlaştırması ve kimi zaman tekfir etmesi Ehl-i Sünnet’in onların tamamını adil kabul edip koruma çemberinin içine almasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Çalışmamızda İmâmet nazariyesinden dolayı sahâbenin İmâmiyye Şîası tarafından olumsuz bir şekilde ele alındığı görülmüştür. Hicrî I. asrın son çeyreğinde tarih sahnesine çıkan Şîa’nın ve onun en büyük kolu İmâmiyye’nin bir taraftan kurumsallaşmasını tamamlarken öteki taraftan başta Gulât-ı Şîa’nın etkisi olmak üzere siyasî sebeplerden dolayı olumsuz bir sahâbe algısını düşünce sistemine eklediği görülmüştür. İmâmiyye Şîası sahâbeye yönelik iddialarını savunurken siyasî yönetimlerin tavrını esas almıştır. Siyaseten güçlü oldukları dönemlerde sahâbeyi daha rahat eleştirirken zayıf oldukları dönemlerde bu tavırlarında yumuşamalar meydana gelmiştir. Tarihsel süreçte Emevîler, Abbâsîler, Büveyhîler, İlhanlılar, Safevîler ve sonraki dönemlerde bu tavrın devam ettiği görülmüştür. Tezimiz İmâmiyye Şîasın’daki sahâbe tasavvurunun tarihsel arka planını ve değişim sürecini detaylı ve bütüncül bir biçimde incelemeyi hedeflemiştir.
The basis of the belief system of the Shiite-Imam tradition is the idea of an imam appointed by the text. According to this theory, the caliphates of Abu Bakr, who was elected as the caliph after the Prophet, and those who succeeded him are invalid. For this reason, those who acted against Ali's right to imamate/caliphate lost their qualifications as companions. In order to prove the theory of divine imamate, both the Quranic verses and historical events were taken out of their context and interpreted in many different ways from a sectarian perspective. The idea of imamate, which is a political issue, played a central role in shaping the perception of the companions in the Shiite-Imam tradition. The issue of companions is one of the most important factors in the formation of the Shiite-Sunni perception of the other. The Shia's vulgarization of the Companions and sometimes their excommunication caused the Ahl al-Sunnah to accept all of them as just and take them under their protection. In our study, it was seen that the companions were handled negatively by the Twelver Shia due to the imamate theory. It has been observed that Shia and its largest branch, Imamiyyah, which emerged on the stage of history in the last quarter of the 1st century Hijri, completed their institutionalization on the one hand, and on the other hand, added a negative perception of the companions to their thought system due to political reasons, especially the influence of Ghulat Shia. While defending their claims against the companions, the Twelver Shia took the attitude of the political administrations as a basis. While they criticized the Companions more easily in the periods when they were politically strong, their attitude softened in the periods when they were weak. In the historical process, it has been seen that this vision continued in the Umayyads, Abbasids, Buwayhids, Ilkhanids, Safavids and subsequent periods. Our thesis aims to examine the historical background and change process of the companions in Imamiyyah Shia in a detailed and holistic manner.
The basis of the belief system of the Shiite-Imam tradition is the idea of an imam appointed by the text. According to this theory, the caliphates of Abu Bakr, who was elected as the caliph after the Prophet, and those who succeeded him are invalid. For this reason, those who acted against Ali's right to imamate/caliphate lost their qualifications as companions. In order to prove the theory of divine imamate, both the Quranic verses and historical events were taken out of their context and interpreted in many different ways from a sectarian perspective. The idea of imamate, which is a political issue, played a central role in shaping the perception of the companions in the Shiite-Imam tradition. The issue of companions is one of the most important factors in the formation of the Shiite-Sunni perception of the other. The Shia's vulgarization of the Companions and sometimes their excommunication caused the Ahl al-Sunnah to accept all of them as just and take them under their protection. In our study, it was seen that the companions were handled negatively by the Twelver Shia due to the imamate theory. It has been observed that Shia and its largest branch, Imamiyyah, which emerged on the stage of history in the last quarter of the 1st century Hijri, completed their institutionalization on the one hand, and on the other hand, added a negative perception of the companions to their thought system due to political reasons, especially the influence of Ghulat Shia. While defending their claims against the companions, the Twelver Shia took the attitude of the political administrations as a basis. While they criticized the Companions more easily in the periods when they were politically strong, their attitude softened in the periods when they were weak. In the historical process, it has been seen that this vision continued in the Umayyads, Abbasids, Buwayhids, Ilkhanids, Safavids and subsequent periods. Our thesis aims to examine the historical background and change process of the companions in Imamiyyah Shia in a detailed and holistic manner.
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Konusu
Şîa, İmâmet, Sahâbe, Ehl-i Sünnet, Gulât, Shia, Imamate, Sahabah, Ahl al-Sunnah, Ghulat
