Travel and pulmonary thromboembolism

Abstract

Pulmonary embolism is common cause of morbidity and mortality in immobile patients. Approximately 100 years ago,Virchow described a classical triad of local trauma to the vessel wall, hypercoagulability and stasis as cause of venous thromboembolism. Also prolonged travel is a risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease. The sitting position is caused by venous stasis and increased blood viscosity in the legs. The vessel lesions due to compression by the seat have been suggested as a cause of thrombosis. Addition in air travel relative hypoxia in the cabin of airplane reduces fibrinolytic activity and may lead to release of vein wall relaxin factors. Protective measures should include general advice to all passengers to avoid excess alcohol and caffeine, drink plenty of water and perform leg stretching exercises. Those with risk factors for deep vein thrombosis should carried out additional protective measures such as aspirin or low molecular weight heparin.