Plasmonic nanosensors for real-time detection of nerve agents

Abstract

Sensors are intricate analytical systems, comprising a recognition element, a transducer, and a signal operator, designed for real-time monitoring and detection of chemical or biological interactions. These sensors harness diverse transduction methods, rooted in the unique properties of functional biorecognition elements, including electrochemistry, acoustics, plasmonics, optics, chemistry, physics, or mechanics. Researchers tirelessly advance sensor technology, focusing on enhancing receptor affinity, signal amplification through nanomaterials, and integrating microfluidic chips to expand sensor capabilities. Recent progress in plasmonic optics, particularly in surface plasmon resonance, has spurred developments in various fields, from negative refractive index materials to integrated circuits and optical metal surfaces. This research not only broadens scientific horizons but also brings us closer to highly effective and widely applicable sensor solutions. Plasmonic sensors, with their remarkable sensitivity and real-time, label-free detection capabilities, have found applications in homeland security, environmental monitoring, diagnostics, and pharmaceuticals. However, one of their most critical applications is in addressing the challenges associated with nerve agent detection. Nerve agents, classified as weapons of mass destruction, pose an alarming threat to both military and civilian populations due to their extreme toxicity and potential for malicious use. Early and accurate detection of nerve agents is paramount for effective countermeasures, emergency response, and the preservation of human lives. This chapter focuses on plasmonic nanosensors, emphasizing their potential for tackling the urgent issue of nerve agent detection.