Publication: Başlangıcından MÖ 5. yüzyıl sonuna kadar duvar kaplamaları ve zemin döşemeleri: Mimari kontekst, teknik ve tasarım
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Authors
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Ünsal, Nur Deniz
Advisor
Şahin, Mustafa
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Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Mozaik; çeşitli renklerde doğal çakıl taşlarının, taş, mermer, metal, cam, çini, pişmiş toprak ya da deniz kabuklarının bir desen oluşturacak biçimde yan yana getirilmesi ile yapılan zemin, duvar, tavan kaplamasıdır. Mozaiğin kökeni hakkında farklı öneriler sunulsa da en erken mozaik örnekler olarak pişmiş topraktan yapılmış koni formlu kaplamaları tüm bilim dünyası kabul etmektedir. Mozaik sanatı olarak tanımlayabileceğimiz mimari süsleme sanatının konik taş ve konik kil mozaiklerle başlayıp çakıl taşı mozaiğe evrildiği ve bu örneklerin cam, seramik, kalker gibi maddeler ile zümrüt, inci ve yakut gibi değerli taşların kullanımına kadar devam etmiş olduğu modern mozaik sanatının ortaya çıkışında önemli rol oynadığı anlaşılmaktadır. MÖ 4. binyılın ikinci yarısında duvar kaplamalarında kullanılmaya başlanan pişmiş toprak ve çakıl taşı mozaiklerin erken örnekleri Uruk (Warka), Tiryns, Uşaklı, Til Barsib, Arslan Taş, Altıntepe, Gordion, Tille Höyük, Ziyaret Tepe, Karkamış gibi merkezlerde tespit edilmiştir. Söz konusu bu erken dönem mozaik örneklerinin irdelenmesiyle, Helenistik ve Roma Dönemi mozaiklerine geçiş evresinin nasıl olduğu konusu ve MÖ 9. ve 5. yüzyıl arasındaki mevcut kronoloji boşluklarının irdelenmesi önem arz etmektedir.
Mosaic is a floor, wall or ceiling covering made by natural pebbles, stone, marble, metal, glass, tile, terracotta or sea shells in various colors to form a pattern. Although there are different suggestions about the origin of the mosaic, the whole scientific world accepts cone-shaped coverings made of terracotta as the earliest mosaic examples. It is understood that the art of architectural ornamentation, which we can define as mosaic art, started with conical stone and conical clay mosaics and evolved into pebble mosaic, and that these examples continued until the use of raw materials such as glass, ceramics, limestone and valuable stones such as emeralds, pearls and rubies played an important role in the emergence of modern mosaic art. Early examples of terracotta and pebble mosaics, which started to be used in wall coverings in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, were found in centers such as Uruk (Warka), Tiryns, Uşaklı, Til Barsib, Arslan Taş, Altıntepe, Gordion, Tille Höyük and Ziyaret Tepe. By analyzing these early mosaic examples, it is important to examine the transition phase to Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and the existing chronological gaps between the 9th and 5th century BC.
Mosaic is a floor, wall or ceiling covering made by natural pebbles, stone, marble, metal, glass, tile, terracotta or sea shells in various colors to form a pattern. Although there are different suggestions about the origin of the mosaic, the whole scientific world accepts cone-shaped coverings made of terracotta as the earliest mosaic examples. It is understood that the art of architectural ornamentation, which we can define as mosaic art, started with conical stone and conical clay mosaics and evolved into pebble mosaic, and that these examples continued until the use of raw materials such as glass, ceramics, limestone and valuable stones such as emeralds, pearls and rubies played an important role in the emergence of modern mosaic art. Early examples of terracotta and pebble mosaics, which started to be used in wall coverings in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, were found in centers such as Uruk (Warka), Tiryns, Uşaklı, Til Barsib, Arslan Taş, Altıntepe, Gordion, Tille Höyük and Ziyaret Tepe. By analyzing these early mosaic examples, it is important to examine the transition phase to Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and the existing chronological gaps between the 9th and 5th century BC.
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Keywords
Yakındoğu, Mozaik, Çakıl taşı mozaik, Konik kil mozaik, Bezeme, Near East, Mosaic, Pebble stone mosaic, Conic clay mosaic, Decoration