Publication: Outdoor airborne allergens: Characterization, behavior and monitoring in Europe
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Date
2023-09-22
Authors
Çelenk, Sevcan
Authors
Grewling, Lukasz
Ribeiro, Helena
Antunes, Celia
Apangu, Godfrey Philliam
Costa, Ana
Eguiluz-Gracia, Ibon
Galveias, Ana
Roldan, Nestor Gonzalez
Lika, Mirela
Magyar, Donat
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier
Abstract
Aeroallergens or inhalant allergens, are proteins dispersed through the air and have the potential to induce allergic conditions such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma. Outdoor aeroallergens are found predominantly in pollen grains and fungal spores, which are allergen carriers. Aeroallergens from pollen and fungi have seasonal emission patterns that correlate with plant pollination and fungal sporulation and are strongly associated with atmospheric weather conditions. They are released when allergen carriers come in contact with the respiratory system, e.g. the nasal mucosa. In addition, due to the rupture of allergen carriers, airborne allergen molecules may be released directly into the air in the form of micronic and submicronic particles (cytoplasmic debris, cell wall fragments, droplets etc.) or adhered onto other airborne particulate matter. Therefore, aeroallergen detection strategies must consider, in addition to the allergen carriers, the allergen molecules themselves. This review article aims to present the current knowledge on inhalant allergens in the outdoor environment, their structure, localization, and factors affecting their production, transformation, release or degradation. In addition, methods for collecting and quantifying aeroallergens are listed and thoroughly discussed. Finally, the knowledge gaps, challenges and implications associated with aeroallergen analysis are described.
Description
Keywords
Bet v 1, Electron-microscopic localization, Ragweed ambrosia-artemisiifolia, Alternaria-alternata allergen, Aspergillus-fumigatus conidia, Cupressus-arizonica pollen, Cross-reactive allergen, Lipid-transfer protein, Japanese cedar pollen, Ole-e-i, Pollen grains, Fungal spores, Aeroallergens, Allergenic proteins, Monitoring, Immunodetection, Air pollution, Science & technology, Life sciences & biomedicine, Environmental sciences