Person: İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ
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Publication Therapeutic plasmapheresis therapy in patient with thyroid storm in the intensive care unit(Galenos Yayıncılık, 2020-01-15) Ertem, Aytül Coşar; Dağdelen, Melike Şeyda; Yıldız, Simge; Kahveci, Ferda Şöhret; Kelebek, Nermin; İsçimen, Remzi; COŞAR ERTEM, AYTÜL; Dağdelen, Melike Şeyda; Yıldız, Simge; KAHVECİ, FERDA ŞÖHRET; KELEBEK GİRGİN, NERMİN; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-2767-1483; 0000-0003-2613-0084; 0000-0002-5882-1632; 0000-0001-8111-5958; 0000-0001-9020-5453; 0000-0003-4820-2288; AAI-8104-2021; HKP-2533-2023; ABE-2447-2020; DTR-4864-2022; CQC-3738-2022; IMY-6211-2023; GBC-7197-2022Thyroid storm is a rare clinical condition, and failure in management can lead to multiorgan failure and carries a high mortality. The comprehensive treatment approach is the administration of antithyroid drugs and radioactive iodine and thyroidectomy. The treatment option of therapeutic plasmapheresis (TP) should be considered as a stabilizing measure, especially when patients have failed or can not tolerate conventional treatment. This case report aimed to share that TP might be an alternative approach to be added to standard treatment methods in life-threatening conditions.Publication Oxa-48 dominance meets ceftazidime-avibactam: A battle against life-threatening carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae infections in the intensive care unit(Springernature, 2023-10-10) Önal, Uğur; Tüzemen, Ülkü; Kaya, Pınar K.; İşçimen, Remzi; Girgin, Nermin Küçükdemirci; Özakın, Cüneyt; Kahveci, Ferda; Akalın, Halis; ÖNAL, UĞUR; TÜZEMEN, NAZMİYE ÜLKÜ; KÜÇÜKDEMİRCİ KAYA, PINAR; ÖZAKIN, CÜNEYT; KAHVECİ, FERDA ŞÖHRET; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; Girgin, Nermin Küçükdemirci; AKALIN, EMİN HALİS; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Mikrobiyoloji Bölümü; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Anesteziyoloji ve Yoğun Bakım; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Yoğun Bakım Ünitesi; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji; 0000-0001-6194-3254; 0000-0002-8428-8245; JCO-3678-2023; JCO-2264-2023; JNY-9122-2023; JMU-3479-2023; DTU-3148-2022; JNH-9929-2023; CYR-2043-2022; CYR-2043-2022; AAU-8952-2020ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to describe the outcomes in ICU patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) or ventilatory-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) who received ceftazidime-avibactam treatment at a tertiary care university hospital.MethodsPatients aged 18 years or older who were admitted to the Anesthesiology and Reanimation ICU at Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between June 13, 2021, and July 16, 2023, and diagnosed with BSI or VAP due to CRKP were included in this study.ResultsA total of 42 patients treated with ceftazidimeavibactam were included. Total crude mortality rates were 33.3% on day 14 and 54.8% on day 30. Mortality rates on the 14th and 30th days were 37.5% and 62.5% in patients with BSI and 27.8% and 44.4% in patients with VAP, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between monotherapy and combination therapy in terms of mortality rates on days 14 and 30, respectively (3/11 vs. 11/31, p=0.620; 5/11 vs. 18/31, p=0.470). Immunosuppression (10/11 vs. 13/31, p=0.005), the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score >= 8 (at the initiation of treatment; 19/25 vs. 4/17, p<0.001), INCREMENT-CPE score >= 10 (12/16 vs. 3/10, p=0.024) and longer duration (in days) from culture collection to treatment initiation (5.0 +/- 0.61 vs. 3.11 +/- 0.48, p=0.024) were found to have a statistically significant effect on 30-day mortality. In multivariate analysis, a SOFA score >= 8 at the initiation of treatment (p=0.037, OR: 17.442, 95% CI: 1.187-256.280) was found to be a significant risk factor affecting mortality (30-day).ConclusionThe mortality rates of patients with CRKP infection who were followed up in the ICU were found to be high, and it was observed that whether ceftazidime-avibactam treatment was given as a combination or monotherapy did not affect mortality. Further multicentre studies with a larger number of patients are needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic, given that this treatment is typically reserved for documented infections.Publication A retrospective evaluation of critically ill patients infected with H1N1 influenza A virus in Bursa, Turkey, during the 2009-2010 pandemic(Makerere Univ, 2015-01-01) Nermin, Kelebek Girgin; Remzi, İşçimen; Zeynep, Akoğul; İlker, Çimen; Meltem, Öner Torlar; Güven, Özkaya; Ferda, Kahveci; Halis, Akalın; KELEBEK GİRGİN, NERMİN; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; Akoğul, Zeynep; Çimen, İlker; Torlar, Meltem Öner; ÖZKAYA, GÜVEN; KAHVECİ, FERDA ŞÖHRET; AKALIN, EMİN HALİS; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Mikrobiyoloji ve Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Biyoistatistik Anabilim Dalı.; AAH-7250-2019; FTV-1495-2022; EIE-4319-2022; JOR-4047-2023; FMO-2967-2022; EZV-3846-2022; CPT-2668-2022; EZJ-5901-2022Background: H1N1 influenza A virus infections were first reported in April 2009 and spread rapidly, resulting in mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients with H1N1 infection treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) in Bursa, Turkey.Methods: Demographic characteristics, clinical features, and outcome relating to H1N1 infection were retrospectively analysed in patients treated in the ICU.Results: Twenty-three cases of H1N1 infection were treated in the ICU. The mean age of patients was 37 years range: (1782). Fifteen patients were female (65.2%). The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score was 19 range: (5-39). The most common symptoms were dyspnea (73.9%), fever (69.6%), and cough (60.9%). Mechanical ventilation was required for all patients. Oseltamivir and antibiotics were administered to all patients. Six (26.1%) patients died. APACHE II scores were higher in the deceased 28.5 range: [16-39] vs. 14 range: [5-28] in survivors; p = 0.013).Conclusion: When compared to the literature, the demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics were similar in the cases we encountered. The mortality rate was high despite the use of appropriate treatment. We believe that the high mortality is related to higher APACHE II scores. The H1N1 virus should be considered in community acquired pneumonia, especially in younger patients presenting with severe pneumonia.Publication Aspergillus infections in intensive care units: Before and after the COVID-19 pandemic(Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 2022-01-01) Tüzemen, Nazmiye Ülkü; Önal, Uğur; Akalın, Emin Halis; Kazak, Esra; Heper, Yasemin; İşçimen, Remzi; Kelebek Girgin, Nermin; Yılmaz, Emel; Özakın, Cüneyt; Şöhret Kahveci, Ferda; Ener, Beyza; TÜZEMEN, NAZMİYE ÜLKÜ; ÖNAL, UĞUR; AKALIN, EMİN HALİS; KAZAK, ESRA; HEPER, YASEMİN; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; KELEBEK GİRGİN, NERMİN; YILMAZ, EMEL; ÖZAKIN, CÜNEYT; KAHVECİ, FERDA ŞÖHRET; ENER, BEYZA; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Anestezi ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0003-3544-3509; 0000-0001-6194-3254; 0000-0001-7530-1279; 0000-0002-5882-1632; 0000-0002-3894-1231; ACQ-7832-2022; AAU-8952-2020; JCO-3678-2023; A-4290-2018; CTY-9474-2022; DWL-9897-2022; GBC-7197-2022; HJZ-6992-2023; JKC-3728-2023; IMY-6211-2023; CNK-0895-2022Introduction: Aspergillus species have begun to cause invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) with increasing frequency in patients with known risk factors in intensive care units (ICU). An international multicenter cohort study (AspICU) established criteria for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in intensive care units. In our study, patients with Aspergillus spp. growth in deep tracheal aspirate (DTA) samples in ICU were evaluated according to AspICU criteria.Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective study. DTA samples were collected from the Pandemic and Reanimation ICU and performed in the Medical Microbiology Laboratory by separated two periods; pre-pandemic (1 March 2019-31 December 2019) and post-pandemic (1 March 2020-31 December 2020). Cases with Aspergillus spp. growth in the DTA samples in the Pandemic ICU were evaluated as COVID 19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) according to AspICU criteria.Results: While Aspergillus spp. was grown in the DTA of three patients in 2019 and five patients in 2020 in the Reanimation ICU, and 11 patients in the Pandemic ICU. Growths belonging to one patient from both Reanimation (2019) and Pandemic ICUs were considered as colonization. Other growths were interpreted as IPA according to AspICU criteria. When the incidence rates according to 10000 patient days were compared, the incidence rate increased significantly in 2020 (19.1) (p< 0.001) compared to 2019 (3.4); In 2020, it was determined that it increased significantly in the Pandemic ICU (40.4) (p< 0.001) compared to Reanimation ICU (9.2).Conclusion: It should not be forgotten that intensive care patients are also at risk for IPA, especially after viral infections (such as COVID-19, Influenza). Although the incidence of IPA was not very high, it was observed that it tended to increase according to our study. The diagnosis of IPA is problematic, therefore it is necessary to increase awareness and sample diversity and to use biomarkers more widely other than hematology patients.Publication Evaluation of the combination treatments with intravenous fosfomycin for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(Assoc Medica Brasileira, 2023-01-01) ÖNAL, UĞUR; Tüzemen, Nazmiye Ülkü; TÜZEMEN, NAZMİYE ÜLKÜ; Kaya, Pınar Küçükdemirci; KELEBEK GİRGİN, NERMİN; KÜÇÜKDEMİRCİ KAYA, PINAR; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; ÖZAKIN, CÜNEYT; Özakın, Cüneyt; Kahveci, Ferda Şöhret; KAHVECİ, FERDA ŞÖHRET; Akalın, Halis; AKALIN, EMİN HALİS; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Anestezi ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0003-3544-3509; 0000-0002-8428-8245; 0000-0002-5882-1632; 0000-0001-7530-1279; JCO-3678-2023; AAU-8952-2020; A-4290-2018OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination treatments with intravenous fosfomycin for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in a tertiary-care center.METHODS: Between December 24, 2018 and November 21, 2022, adult patients diagnosed with bloodstream infection or ventilator-associated pneumonia due to culture-confirmed carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the anesthesiology and reanimation intensive care units were investigated retrospectively.RESULTS: There were a total of 62 patients fulfilling the study inclusion criteria. No significant difference was recorded in 14-and 30-day mortality among different types of combination regimens such as fosfomycin plus one or two antibiotic combinations. Hypokalemia (OR:5.651, 95%CI 1.019- 31.330, p=0.048) was found to be a significant risk factor for 14-day mortality, whereas SOFA score at the time of diagnosis (OR:1.497, 95%CI 1.103- 2.032, p=0.010) and CVVHF treatment (OR:6.409, 95%CI 1.395-29.433, p=0.017) were associated with 30-day mortality in multivariate analysis.CONCLUSION: In our study, high mortality rates were found in patients with bloodstream infection or ventilator-associated pneumonia due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, and no significant difference was recorded in 14-and 30-day mortality among different types of combination regimens such as fosfomycin plus one or two antibiotic combinations.Publication Sepsis episodes caused by pressure injuries in critical illness: A retrospective observational cohort study(Hmp, 2023-11-01) KELEBEK GİRGİN, NERMİN; Girgin, Nermin Kelebek; Kaya, Pınar Küçükdemirci; KÜÇÜKDEMİRCİ KAYA, PINAR; Kahveci, Ferda S.; İşcimen, Remzi; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; Kaya, Murad; KAYA, MURAD; Akalin, Emin Halis; AKALIN, EMİN HALİS; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Anestezi ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-8428-8245; 0000-0002-5882-1632BACKGROUND: Critically -ill patients (CIPs) with pressure injuries (PIs) may develop bloodstream infections (BSIs). PURPOSE: To identify predisposing factors and discuss diagnosis and management of sepsis -related PIs in CIPs. METHODS: The records of CIPs in the intensive care unit (ICU) between January 1, 2014, and January 1, 2020, with PI with sepsis -diagnoses and with different site cultures that were positive concurrent with bloodstream -cultures were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety-one sepsis episodes were included in the study. Low albumin level ( U = 382.00, P = .006), renal failure (odds ratio [OR], 0.108 [95% CI, 0.015-0.783]; P = .025), and length of ICU stay ( U = 130.00, P < .001) were identified as risk factors of BSIs due to PIs. The probability of BSI during a sepsis episode was lower in CIPs with PIs with higher C -reactive protein levels ( U = 233.00, P < .001) and whose injury resulted from trauma or surgery (OR, 0.101 [95% CI, 0.016-0.626]; P = .014). The mortality was higher in CIPs with PI -induced BSIs (OR, 0.051 [95% CI, 0.008-0.309]; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Pressure injury -induced sepsis was associated with a high risk of 28 -day mortality. The findings suggest that CIPs with PI are at increased risk of BSIs if they have low albumin levels, renal -failure, and prolonged ICU stay during sepsis episodes.Publication Amitriptyline cardiac toxicity treated with hemoperfusion(Galenos Yayincilik, 2017-04-01) Girgin, Nermin Kelebek; KELEBEK GİRGİN, NERMİN; Ünlü, Nurdan; Çalışkan, Gülbahar; İşçimen, Remzi; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; Kahveci, Ferda; KAHVECİ, FERDA ŞÖHRET; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Anestezi ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı.; AAH-7250-2019; HKP-2533-2023; KFQ-1825-2024Tricyclic antidepressant intoxication is frequently encountered among children and adults due to widespread use of the drugs. Amitriptyline is among the major tricyclic antidepressants. It affects the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous system. In the treatment of amitriptyline intoxication, various treatments such as gastric lavage, activated charcoal, bicarbonate infusion, antiarrhythmic, and anticonvulsant drug usage were applied. Here, we reported a patient with severe amitriptyline intoxication who did not respond to these treatments but dramatically improved with hemoperfusion. A 33 year-old woman applied to the emergency service half an hour later ingesting 2000 mg of amitriptyline as a suicide attempt. On admission, her Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was 10, blood pressure was 100/60 mmHg, heart rate was 160 beats/min. Wide ORS and ventricular tachycardia was seen in the Electrocardiography (ECG) results. Having her GCS regressed to 7, she was intubated and admitted to intensive care unit after the initial treatments. Hemoperfusion was commenced within half an hour. While hemoperfusion was continuing, her ECG was seen to turn to sinus tachycardia. Her cardiovascular and neurological status returned to normal on the 2nd day and she was discharged from the intensive care unit on the 4th day. Besides hemoperfusion is not recommended due to high protein binding and large volume of distribution in classical treatment of amitriptyline overdose, current reports representing efficacy of hemoperfusion are also accumulating. After ingestion, tricyclic antidepressants are absorbed rapidly and reach to their effective concentration in the tissues, especially by the lung, the brain and the heart. Hence, hemoperfusion performed in early stage of ingestion is an effective treatment and in cases that do not respond to conventional therapies, it should be considered that this method can be used in the early period.Publication Sepsis episodes caused by pressure injuries in critical illness: A retrospective observational cohort study(Hmp, 2023-11-01) Kaya, Pınar Küçükdemirci; Kaya, Murad; Girgin, Nermin Kelebek; Kahveci, Ferda S.; Akalın, Emin Halis; İsçimen, Remzi; KÜÇÜKDEMİRCİ KAYA, PINAR; KAYA, MURAD; KELEBEK GİRGİN, NERMİN; KAHVECİ, FERDA ŞÖHRET; AKALIN, EMİN HALİS; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi.; 0000-0002-8428-8245; 0000-0002-5882-1632; JGB-6637-2023; CYJ-4124-2022; DTU-3148-2022; IMY-6211-2023; AAU-8952-2020; DWL-9897-2022BACKGROUND: Critically -ill patients (CIPs) with pressure injuries (PIs) may develop bloodstream infections (BSIs). PURPOSE: To identify predisposing factors and discuss diagnosis and management of sepsis -related PIs in CIPs. METHODS: The records of CIPs in the intensive care unit (ICU) between January 1, 2014, and January 1, 2020, with PI with sepsis -diagnoses and with different site cultures that were positive concurrent with bloodstream -cultures were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety-one sepsis episodes were included in the study. Low albumin level ( U = 382.00, P = .006), renal failure (odds ratio [OR], 0.108 [95% CI, 0.015-0.783]; P = .025), and length of ICU stay ( U = 130.00, P < .001) were identified as risk factors of BSIs due to PIs. The probability of BSI during a sepsis episode was lower in CIPs with PIs with higher C -reactive protein levels ( U = 233.00, P < .001) and whose injury resulted from trauma or surgery (OR, 0.101 [95% CI, 0.016-0.626]; P = .014). The mortality was higher in CIPs with PI -induced BSIs (OR, 0.051 [95% CI, 0.008-0.309]; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Pressure injury -induced sepsis was associated with a high risk of 28 -day mortality. The findings suggest that CIPs with PI are at increased risk of BSIs if they have low albumin levels, renal -failure, and prolonged ICU stay during sepsis episodes.Publication Guillain-barre syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus(Aves, 2014-04-01) Girgin, Nermin Kelebek; İsçimen, Remzi; Yılmaz, Emel; Kahveci, S. Ferda; Kutlay, Oya; KELEBEK GİRGİN, NERMİN; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; YILMAZ, EMEL; KAHVECİ, FERDA ŞÖHRET; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı/Yoğun Bakım Ünitesi.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0003-4820-2288; AAG-9356-2021; AAH-7250-2019; HKP-2533-2023; AAI-8104-2021Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute disease characterised by symmetrical muscle weakness, loss of sensation and reflex. There is usually a viral infection at the beginning of the disease. Here, we report a GBS case which did not respond to any treatment strategy at first and was diagnosed as Human Immunodeficiency Virus positive (HIV+) during the search for the aetiology. A 32-year-old male patient who presented to a medical centre with symptoms of gait disturbance and arm and leg numbness was found to have albuminocytologic dissociation upon cerebrospinal fluid examination. After the diagnosis of GBS, immunoglobulin G (IVIG) therapy (400 mg kg(-1) day-1 5 days) was started as a standard therapy. This therapy was repeated due to a lack of improvement of symptoms. During this therapy, the patient was sent to our clinic with symptoms of respiratory failure and tetraplegia. He was conscious, cooperative, haemodynamically stable and his arterial blood gas analyses were: pH: 7.28, PaO2 : 74.4 mmHg, PCO2 : 63.8 mmHg. He was intubated, mechanically ventilated and underwent plasmapheresis. After the investigation of aetiology, HIV(+), CD4/ CD8: 0.17, absolute CD4: 71 cells mL(-1) were detected and antiretroviral therapy was started. The patient died from multiple organ failure due to sepsis on day 35. In conclusion, HIV infection should be kept in mind in GBS patients, especially those not responding to routine treatment. As a result, not only could the patient receive early and adequate treatment, but also HIV infection transmission would be avoided.Publication Is bispectral index monitoring reliable for determining sedation level in a tetanus patient?(Int Scientific Information, Inc, 2008-01-01) Girgin, Nermin Kelebek; KELEBEK GİRGİN, NERMİN; İşçimen, Remzi; İŞÇİMEN, REMZİ; Kutlay, Oya; Gurbet, Alp; GURBET, ALP; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Anestezi ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-6503-8232; AAI-8104-2021; A-7994-2018; HKP-2533-2023; AAH-7250-2019Background: Tetanus is an infectious disease characterised by increased muscle rigidity, muscle spasms, and, in severe cases, cardiovascular instability secondary to autonomic dysfunction. Sedation is an important part of the treatment of tetanus. Clinical scoring systems, although simple and inexpensive, are often inadequate in evaluating the patient level of sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU). The bispectral index (BIS), a variable derived from the electroencephalography, could assess sedation in the ICU. In the present study, we aimed to present our experience on the application of BIS monitoring during treatment of a patient with tetanus.Case Report: A 69-year-old man was admitted to intensive care unit with a diagnosis of tetanus. The patient was intubated, and mechanical ventilation (MV) therapy with pressure support ventilation mode was administered. Dexmedetomidine, midazolam and morphine were administered for sedation and analgesia. Sedation was titrated to maintain a Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS) of 5 or greater. The RSS was assessed once a minute during the loading dose of dexmedetomidine and once an hour in the first day. On the following days, the RSS was recorded every 2 hours. When the RSS evaluation was applied, BIS values were also recorded simultaneously. On the 7th day, BIS monitoring could not be continued due to technical reasons. Sedation was monitored by RSS. A total number of 107 Ramsay score determinations and BIS values were obtained in the follow-up period. The patient underwent percutaneous tracheostomy on the 8th day. The patient was totally disconnected from MV on the 31st day and discharged from the hospital on the 33rd day.Conclusions: In this case, we thought that RSS is still a reliable method in monitoring the sedation level in tetanus. The BIS monitoring is inferior to and discordant with the standard monitoring of the RSS, largely to the painful muscle spasms and rigidity inherent in the pathophysiology of the disease. Moreover, if the sedative drug dosage is elevated according to BIS values, excessive sedation may occur in these patients.