2022 Cilt 41 Sayı 2
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Item Open Access In vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity screening of Cuscuta Arvensis Beyr. and Achillea Wilhelmsii C. Koch(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-12-24) Anlaş, Ceren; Bakırel, Tülay; Çalışkan, Ufuk Koca; Dönmez, Ceylan; Alkan, Fulya Üstün; Üstüner, OyaPlant-based compounds have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times, as easily accessible and low-cost treatment options. Despite the widespread belief that plants are quite safe and devoid of side effects, scientific studies have revealed the toxicity potential of active components of plants on healthy cells. The present study was designed to investigate in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potential of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch and Cuscuta arvensis Beyr., which are frequently used in traditional medicine. In this context, cytotoxicity evaluation of the extracts was performed by MTT (3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Our cytotoxicity results indicate that the extract from A. wilhelmsii did not affect the viability of fibroblasts at any tested concentrations, on the contrary, significantly stimulated cell proliferation from a concentration of 25 µg/mL. On the other hand, the extract from C. arvensis significantly reduced the viability of fibroblasts at all concentrations tested. In the second part of this research, the DNA damaging potential of the extracts was investigated by in vitro comet assay at non-cytotoxic concentrations. A. wilhelmsii extract caused a significant increase in the percentage of DNA in the tail (%TDNA), which is considered as an indicator of DNA damage, only at the highest concentration, while C. arvensis extract did not significantly affect %TDNA at concentrations tested. The results of the present study indicated that the methanolic extract from A. wilhelmsii may be considered safe up to a concentration of 100 μg/mL, however, the cytotoxicity potential of C. arvensis may be a factor limiting its safe use.Item Open Access Neonatal buzağı ishal olgularında enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) çoklu enfeksiyonu(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-12-02) Ateş, Özer; Yeşilbağ, Kadir; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Viroloji Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0001-7676-9033; 0000-0003-1793-6879Neonatal dönemde en önemli mortalite sebebi olan buzağı ishalleri birçok faktöre bağlı olarak gelişmekte ve büyük ekonomik kayıplara sebep olmaktadır. Türkiye’ de bugüne kadar yapılan epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda, viral etkenlerin yeni doğan buzağılarda önemli oranda neonatal ishal olgularına neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada şiddetli ishal ve neonatal ölümlerin görüldüğü buzağılarda çoklu viral enfeksiyonların rolü araştırıldı. Çalışma kapsamında tek bir işletmeden toplanan dışkı örnekleri (n=16) üç farklı hücre hattında (MDBK, HRT-18 ve MA-104) virus izolasyonuna alındı. Tüm örneklere 4 kör pasaj işlemi ve sonrasında IPMA testi uygulandı. Bu süreçte araştırılan enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) hücre kültüründe izolasyonu yapılamadı. Çalışma kapsamında dışkı örneklerinden PCR ve Ag ELISA testlerinin sonuçlarına göre, ishal semptomu gösteren 16 buzağıdan alınan dışkı örneklerinin 14 (%87,5) adedinde araştırılan enterik virusların en az bir tanesi tespit edildi. Araştırılan olgularda tekli BRV enfeksiyonuna rastlanmazken; 2 (%12,5) hayvanda tek BCoV, 2 (%12,5) hayvanda tek BVDV, 2 (% 12,5) hayvanda tek BToV enfeksiyonu saptandı. Diğer yandan 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BRV ve BVDV, 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BCoV ve BToV, 4 (%25) hayvanda BCoV ve BVDV, 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BVDV ve BToV içeren ikili enfeksiyonlar tespit edildi. 1 (%6,25) hayvanda ise BVDV, BToV ve BCoV olmak üzere enterik virusların oluşturduğu üçlü enfeksiyon saptandı. SDS-PAGE testinde akrilamid jel üzerinde RNA segmentlerinin bant profillerine göre (4/2/3/2) tespit edilen rotavirusun grup A'da yer aldığı gösterildi. Ayrıca çalışmada da PCR testi ile pozitif saptanan rotavirusun, G10P[11] genotipine sahip olduğu, genotip spesifik primerler kullanılarak tespit edildi. Bu araştırmada neonatal buzağı ishallerine sebep olabilen önemli viral etkenler olan BRV, BCoV, BVDV ve BToV’ un aynı işletmede eş zamanlı olarak görülebileceği ve şiddetli hastalık bulguları ve kayıplara neden olabileceği gösterilmiştir.Item Open Access Kars bölgesinde yetiştirilen Linda ırkı kazlarda nisan-haziran ayları arasında spermatolojik verilerin değerlendirilmesi(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-11-29) Önder, Nail Tekin; Deli, Derya; Gökdemir, Taygun; Kılıç, Mahmut Can; Şahin, Oğuzhan; Yıldız, Savaş; Lehimcioğlu, Necdet Cankat; Öztürkler, YavuzSunulan çalışmada Kars ilinde yetiştiriciliği gerçekleştirilen Linda ırkı kazlarda Nisan ve Haziran ayları arasında sezona bağlı spermatolojik değişimler izlenmiştir. Ülkemizde yoğun olarak Kars, Ardahan ve Muş illerinde yetiştiriciliği gerçekleştirilen kazların; genellikle etinden, tüyünden ve karaciğer gibi yan ürünlerinden faydalanılmaktadır. Kaz yetiştiriciliği karlı ve avantajlı olmasına rağmen, kazların sezona bağlı üreme faaliyetlerinde görülen düşüşler ise yetiştiriciliği kısıtlamaktadır. Etkin bir şekilde yardımcı üreme tekniklerinden faydalanılabilmek için, öncelikle mevsimin üreme üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla çalışmamızda üç yaşında beş kaz sperma alınması için materyal olarak kullanıldı. Kazlardan sperma, haftada iki kez olmak üzere dorso-abdominal masaj yöntemiyle alındı. Alınan taze sperma motilite yönünden incelendi. Taze sperma örneklerinin aylara göre ortalama motilite değerleri sırasıyla 16.1±5.48, 1.09±0.99, 0.0±0.0 olarak bulundu. Motilite değerlerinin Nisan ayından sonra aniden düştüğü görüldü (P<0.05). Mayıs ve Haziran ayları arasında ise istatistiki bir fark bulunmadı (P>0.05). Sonuç olarak Kars bölgesinde yetiştiriciliği yapılan Linda ırkı kazlarda, Nisan ayı itibariyle spermatolojik verilerin kalitesinde bir düşüş olduğu ve üreme döneminin gerilemeye girdiği tespit edildi. Kaz yetiştiriciliğinin hem bölgesel önemi hem de ihracat ürünü potansiyeli düşünüldüğünde, bu konu üzerinde daha derin çalışmalar gerçekleştirmesi gerekliliği ciddiyetle değerlendirilmelidir.Item Open Access Ensuring the reproduction of gazelles, whose numbers are decreasing in Türkiye and whose habitats are confined to a narrow region, in new habitats(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-11-30) Uztemur, Adil; Orman, Abdulkadir; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Zootekni Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0001-9138-4422The aim of this study was to resettle Gazella Marica, whose habitats are declining in Türkiye, to the foothills of Cudi Mountain, which is connected to the Silopi District of Şırnak Province, which was previously located within the natural habitat zone. The gazelles obtained from the 75th Year Gazelle Production Station were placed in individual crates of 100x36x90 cm made of plywood, with 51 numbers (24 females, 27 males) gazelles in 2020 and 40 numbers (19 females and 21 males) in 2021. Mass releases were made with a ceremony in an area with similar climatic characteristics, which is approximately 380 km away. 1 gazelle died in 2020, 6 gazelles died in 2021. During the post-release monitoring activities, the first reproduction records of gazelles released in 2020 were successfully recorded in 2021 and 23 new individuals were obtained. The current number of individuals reached 106. It has been observed that gazelles have adapted to the area in the 2 years. Illegal hunting is prevented as the region is within the borders of military security. Monitoring studies continue for the long-term management plan.Item Open Access Promising effects of vinasse use on bone strength in laying hens(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-12-14) Süzer, Bayram; Eren, Gülsüm; Atamay, Kerem; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Anatomi Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-2687-1221; 0000-0002-4808-2776; 0000-0002-6891-4613This study was carried out to determine the effects of vinasse on bone strength and some material properties in laying hens with specific amounts of vinasse added to their diets. The study was the first to determine the mechanical properties of laying hens fed a diet supplemented with vinasse. The study was conducted on tibiotarsi of two hundred 94-week-old laying hens which were selected randomly from a commercial farm. Morphometric measurements were made using a digital scale and caliper, and mechanical data were collected from tibiotarsi using a three-point bending test with a compression-tension machine. The laying hens fed with vinasse had higher tibiotarsal length and weight than those in Control group. The groups fed with vinasse were significantly stiffer and had a higher breaking force than Control group (P=0.002, P<0.001). In conclusion, significant and promising bone material properties were obtained from the laying hens fed with vinasse.Item Open Access Histological and molecular evaluation of raw meatball products(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-11-14) Özcan, Ali; İlhan, Tuncay; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Histoloji Embriyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-7327-9319Meat is an important source of protein with high biological value. Due to this importance, the production and consumption of meat and meat products such as minced meat, salami, sausage, meatballs, and roasted meat have been increasing rapidly in recent years. In order to earn more money, some companies sell animal meats that are not consumed by society by mixing them into meat products without considering the health, habits, ethical and cultural values of people. In this study, it is aimed to examine whether there are undesirable tissues and muscle tissue belonging to different species in meat products by making histological and molecular evaluations in raw meatball products offered for sale. Evaluations were made by taking samples of raw meatball products offered for sale by 6 different well-known supermarkets. In the results we obtained, it was observed that the integrity of the muscle tissue was not impaired in sample 1, but the presence of cartilage fragments in places. In sample 2, different sizes of tendon fragments and nerve fiber bundles were detected, with less muscle tissue. In sample number 3, it was observed that the integrity of the muscle tissue was not impaired and the spice pieces were excessive. In sample number 4, it was observed that the integrity of the muscle tissue was partially damaged. In sample 5, large tendon fragments and abundant connective tissue were detected. In sample 6, an image was detected, suggesting that it was caused by too much use of the additive. In the RT-PCR results, no tissue belonging to different species was found in any of the 6 samples we received. These results, in addition to being inappropriate in terms of public health and consumer rights, also appear as attempts to gain unfair financial gain.Item Open Access Comparison of the efficacy of enrofloxacin and lactobacillus plantarum cell-free supernatant treatments on vaginitis in ewes(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-08-10) Güner, Barış; Kısadere, İhsan; Tavşanlı, Hakan; Demirbilek, Serpil Kahya; Keskin, Abdulkadir; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi.; 0000-0001-6138-7163; 0000-0001-7149-0009The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different intravaginal treatment strategies on the vaginal discharge score, vaginal microbiota, bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts in nulliparous Merino ewes. All ewes (n=45) received intravaginal sponges containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 7 days and allocated into three equal groups (n=15). Sponges were injected Lactobacillus plantarum cell-free supernatant (SUPER), enrofloxacin (ENRO), or physiologic saline (CON) prior to sponge insertion. At sponge removal, 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) were administered in all ewes. For the detection of vaginal microbiota, bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts, samples were collected prior to sponge insertion, at sponge withdrawal, and 48 h later after sponge withdrawal. Vaginal discharge score was not different in ENRO (2.26±0.18) and SUPER (2.20±0.14) compared to CON (2.46±0.16). The time-dependent alteration was significant for the mean bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae count in all groups (P<0.05). Bacterial counts were found to be lower in ENRO (5.50±0.17) than SUPER (6.31±0.19) and CON (6.07±0.15) at sponge removal (P<0.05). In addition, SUPER (3.74±0.21) and ENRO (3.49±0.27) had lower Enterobacteriaceae counts compared to CON (4.78±0.21) at sponge removal (P<0.01). The most frequently isolated bacteria species were Trueperella pyogenes (28.9%) and Escherichia coli (46.7%). In conclusion, treatment with enrofloxacin or cell-free supernatant decreased the Enterobacteriaceae counts in ewes. Comprehensive studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria as an antibiotic-free treatment strategy on vaginitis in ewes that were synchronized with progesterone impregnated intravaginal sponge.Item Open Access The relationship between SOD1 and Hsp70 expression in broiler ileum throughout post-hatching development(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-09-29) Ertuğrul, Turul; Tütüncü, Şerife; Ceylan, Ahmet; Çalık, AliHeat shock proteins (Hsps) are molecular chaperones that play critical functions in the survival and development of cells. Hsps influence adaptive and innate immune responses and may promote cross-talk between the two systems. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are metalloenzymes that play an essential role in the body's defense against oxidative stress by efficiently removing excess reactive oxygen species. This study is an experimental study that was conducted to determine the relationship between SOD1 and Hsp70 expression in the ileum during the post-hatching development of the broiler. In the study, samples were taken from ileum tissue of 0-, 21- and 42-day-old broilers were used as material. While the Hsp70 immunoreactivity observed in the epithelial cells was specific to a few cells on day 0, it was detected in more villus epithelial cells on days 21 and 42. The Hsp70 expression in the ileum increased from the age 0 to up to day 42, especially in villus epithelial cells. In sections stained by SOD1, the ileum's villus epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells showed an intracytoplasmic reaction. From day 21 to day 42, a regular increase in SOD1 expression was detected in the crypt and villus epithelial cells. As a remarkable finding, a more intense intracytoplasmic staining was detected in villus epithelial cells located at the apex of intestinal villi. In conclusion, it was observed that SOD1 and Hsp70 expression increased in the ileum tissue throughout post-hatching development in broilers with a positive correlation with age. Based on the histological findings, it can be concluded that SOD1 and Hsp70 play a critical protective role in the small intestine after hatching and contribute to the rapid development of the intestine.Item Open Access Changes in the gene expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzymes during early differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-09-12) Güzel, Saime; 0000-0003-0796-5000The embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent, self-renewing cells that are able to differentiate into any of the germ layers involved in embryogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms that control ESC pluripotency and differentiation remain poorly understood. The family of Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK1-4), inactivates the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex via phosphorylation, plays a crucial role in the control of glucose homeostasis. In the current study, gene expression levels of PDK isoenzymes were analyzed on undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and compared to mESCs induced to differentiate by removal of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for 1, 3 and 5 days. Besides, gene expression analysis of several genes related to pluripotency and differentiation were performed by real-time quantitative PCR. In addition, glucose uptake rates in early differentiated and undifferentiated mESCs were determined using a colorimetric assay kit. Differently expression level of PDK isoenzymes in pluripotent and LIF-depleted mESCs suggest that they may have roles in differentiation and pluripotency of ESCs. Furthermore, this study lays the foundation for detailed investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of PDKs in the pluripotency and transition to differentiated state of ESCs.Item Open Access Effect of extenders ıncluding high concentrations dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on post-thaw rabbit sperm parameters(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-09-05) Küçük, NiyaziCryoprotectants have critical roles to prevent cell damages during cryopreservation. However, the adjustment of cryoprotectant concentration is also very crucial to protect cells from cryoprotectant toxicity. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of extenders including high concentration dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on post-thaw rabbit sperm quality. Pooled rabbit semen samples (n=7) were diluted and cryopreserved in extenders including 250 mmol/L Tris, 88 mmol/L citric acid, 47 mmol/L glucose, 1% sucrose and different concentrations of DMSO (8%, 10%, 12% and 14%). The presence of high concentration DMSO (12% and 14%) in extender decreased sperm total and progressive motility (P < 0.01). The 8% and 10% DMSO supplementations in extender increased live spermatozoon rates (P < 0.01). Live and intact acrosome or intact membrane spermatozoon rates were detected higher in 8 and 10 DMSO groups (P < 0.05). Although total intact membrane spermatozoon rates were similar in all groups, total intact acrosome spermatozoon rate was higher in 8 DMSO group compared to 12 DMSO group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, when 12% and 14% DMSO additions in extender adversely affected post-thaw sperm parameters, the presence of 8% DMSO in extender provided the highest post-thaw sperm quality.Item Open Access First isolation and characterization of Bovine Herpesvirus 1.2b (BoHV-1.2b ) strain from respiratory tract of cattle in Turkey(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-07-25) Göktuna, Pelin Tuncer; Aytoğu, Gizem; Yeşilbağ, Kadir; Toker, Eda Baldan; Kadiroğlu, Berfin; Ateş, Özer; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Viroloji Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-3411-081X; 0000-0003-1793-6879; 0000-0003-2468-3945; 0000-0001-5969-6127; 0000-0001-7676-9033Analyzing fingerprints by Restriction Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of complete virus genome which is laborious and time-consuming classifies Bovine Herpervirus-1 (BoHV-1) strains into three subtypes, BoHV-1.1, 1.2a, 1.2b. These subtypes can also being referred according to clinical futures, however, no clear relation was shown. Mostly BoHV-1.2b is associated with genital disease conditions. In this study, BoHV-1 isolate was obtained in a nasal swab sample taken from respiratory tract disease. In this study also, phylogenetic analysis which was targeting UL44 (Glycoprotein C) region of the genome, subtyping was carried out by a recently developed multiplex PCR targeting UL39 and US3 region followed by a RFLP analysis using Hind III enzyme. Also, success of isolation was compared in two continuous cell lines. SFT-R cell line found more susceptible for BoHV-1 field sample isolation than MDBK. The obtained isolate (ID:8640) was serologically undistinguishable from Cooper strain while molecular analysis classified as BoHV-1.2b. Current study reports the first isolation of BoHV-1.2b in Turkey as well as infrequent BoHV-1.2b isolation from clinical case of respiratory illness. Results also highlights the efficiency of PCR based RFLP analysis for easy and quick subtyping but demonstrates the requirement of more investigation to reveal differences based on genetic diversity of BoHV-1 field isolates.Item Open Access Effects of keel bone deviation on post-peak egg production in a commercial laying hen flock with different breast condition(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-08-09) Abdourhamane, Ibrahima Mahamane; Petek, Metin; Brav, Fahir Cankat; Ünal, Cihan; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Zootekni Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0003-4560-2438; 0000-0003-0557-9720; 0000-0002-6378-5736This study was made to investigate the effects of breast condition and keel bone deviations on post-peak egg production of a commercial laying hen housed in a multi-tier conventional battery cage. The birds divided into two groups according to presence of keel bone deviation at first. Then the birds further divided into two groups according to breast condition as well developed or relatively well developed. The laying hens were kept under identical management conditions for commercial laying hens during the study. Data about daily egg production, feed intake, mortality and egg weight was collected from 62 to 77 weeks of age in the groups. There were no significant effects of keel bone deviation on body weight and egg weight of the layer hens. The initial and final body weight of the birds are significantly different between the breast condition groups (P<0.001). The birds with well developed breast condition had significantly better hen-housed and hen-day egg production (P<0.001). The significant keel bone deviation x breast condition interaction for egg production revealed that presence of keel bone deviation was effective in birds only had relativelly well developed breast condition (P<0.001). Daily feed intake per hen and survival rate between the groups were not affected by presence of keel bone deviation and breast condition of the birds. Results from this study indicated there was a link among breast condition, presence of keel bone deviation and egg performance of laying hens.Item Open Access Embriyo transferi yapılan taşıyıcı ineklerde progesteron seviyesinin gebelik başarısı üzerine etkisi(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-07-25) Alçay, Selim; Aktar, Ahmet; Sağırkaya, Hakan; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Dölerme ve Suni Tohumlama Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-2472-8157; 0000-0002-2975-2594; 0000-0001-6619-3229Bu çalışmada embriyo transferi sırasında taşıyıcı Holstein ırkı ineklerin kan progesteron seviyelerinin gebelik oranları üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, 5 üstün genetik özelliklere sahip donör inek ve 36 taşıyıcı inek hayvan materyali olarak kullanıldı. Donörlerde süperovulasyon östrusun 9. gününde başlayan 12 saat ara ve 4 gün süreyle uygulanan FSH hormonu ile sağlandı. Uterus yıkaması bir hafta sonra gerçekleştirildi. Taşıyıcı hayvanlar 11 gün ara ile iki kez uygulanan prostaglandin enjeksiyonu ile senkronize edildi. Transfer günü taşıyıcı ineklerden kan örnekleri alındı ve kan progesteron seviyelerine göre taşıyıcılar üç gruba (Grup 1 (<4 ng/ml), Grup 2 (4-8 ng/ ml), Grup 3 (>8ng/ml)] ayrıldı. Çalışmada sadece birinci kalite blastosist (Grade I) evresindeki embriyolar kullanıldı. Gebelik muayeneleri embriyo transferi sonrası 30. günde ultrasonla yapıldı. Sonuçların istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmesinde SPSS programı (SPSS 23, Chicago, IL, USA) kullanıldı. Embriyo transferi zamanında taşıyıcı hayvanların kan progesteron seviyesinin ölçülmesinin gebelik oranlarının geliştirilmesi için önemli olduğu belirlendi (P<0.05). Özellikle >8ng/ml kan progesteron seviyesine sahip olan hayvanlara yapılacak embriyo transferlerinin gebelik oranlarını artıracağı tespit edildi.Item Open Access Prevalence of nosema ceranae in north and south regions of Azerbaijan(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-09-03) Gazi, Rafiga; Ahmedov, Barat; Ütük, Armağan Erdem; Girişgin, Ahmet Onur; Aydın, Levent; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-0020-2708; 0000-0002-2875-8003Nosemosis is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases of honeybees in Azerbaijan and the world. Nosema ceranae is the dominant species in Azerbaijan, and this study aimed to detect the prevalence of the infection in the country. For this purpose, an average of 100 honeybee samples were collected from 64 hives, 24 from three regions in the north and 40 from five areas in the south. In the lab, the abdomens of 50 bees from each group were dissected and crushed in a container, adding 50 ml of distilled water. According to obtained data after microscopic examination, the N. ceranae spores were found to have a high-level prevalence in northern regions (45.8% average) than in the southern areas (22.5% average) in Azerbaijan. Molecular diagnoses of Nosema-positive samples have been performed with PCR and N. ceranae has been detected from all regions. Data show us that the Nosemosis is common in Azerbaijan and is a significant threat in the beekeeping industry.Item Open Access Effect of intravenously injected arachidonic acid on electrocardiography in rats(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2022-10-03) Kaşıkçı, Esra; Yalçın, Murat; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Fizyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0003-0155-5385; 0000-0002-5600-8162Arachidonic acid (AA), which is released from phospholipids in the cell membrane by a variety of stimuli, has physiological and pathophysiological roles in the cardiovascular system. The current study was designed to determine the effect of intravenously (iv) injected AA on the electrocardiography (ECG) of the anesthetized rats. The ECG waves obtained from the lead II were written by placing electrodes on limbs of the ketamine and xylazine mixture (50 mg/kg/20 mg/ kg; im) in anesthetized adult Spraque Dawley rats. AA (3 mg/kg; iv) statistically significantly (p<0.05) caused to prolong of the ECG waves and intervals, resulting in a decrease in the heart rate of the rats. The current findings herein present the effect of the most abundant endogenous unsaturated fatty acid AA on ECG. The results clearly showed that AA could produce to bradycardia response by increasing the ECG waves and interval durations.