2023 Cilt 23 Sayı 2

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11452/32902

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    Foraging activity and role of stingless bee Tetragonula Iridipennis Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in bitter gourd
    (Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2023-08-14) Narmadha, Kamatchi Murali; Saravanan, Pernamallur Ayyaswami; Umapathy, Govindasamy; Velmurugan, Muthusamy
    In the bitter gourd cropping system, honey bees are the primary pollinators. In southern India, a field study was conducted at Coimbatore district at 10˚ 58̍ 46.164̎ N latitude and 76˚ 55̍ 53.562̎ E longitude, to record the foraging activity and pollination efficiency of the stingless bee Tetragonula iridipennis in bitter gourd. Bee foraging activity was recorded separately in male and female flowers, with the number of foragers/flower/min, and fruit set and yield were assessed under three different conditions: pollinator exclusion, bee pollination and open pollination. The abundance of pollinators and foraging rate of stingless bees observed on male flowers was 1.71 bees/ flower/ minute and flower handling time in seconds (37.86 sec) was higher than female flowers (1.22 bees / flower/ minute) and (25.73 sec), respectively. The peak foraging activity of stingless bees was observed between 08:00-10:00 hours with 3.30 bees/ 5 mins. The pollination efficiency index of stingless bees in bitter gourd flowers was 41600 pollen grains. The foraging activity of bees at the hive entrance was at its peak from 08:00 to 10:00 hours. T. Iridipennis colony growth parameters showed increased honey sealed area of 1464.5 g and brood development. The experiment results showed that yield was higher in the managed bee-pollinated condition in terms of the number of fruits/plant (18.2 fruits) and fruit yield per hectare (44.08 t/ha) than in the open-pollinated condition (16.5 fruits) and (38.30 t/ha), and with pollinators excluded, no fruit set was recorded.
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    Foraging ecology and abundance of native pollinators in bitter gourd
    (Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2023-08-30) Narmadha, Kamatchi Murali; Saravanan, Pernamallur Ayyaswami; Umapathy, Govindasamy; Velmurugan, Muthusamy
    An experiment is conducted in bitter gourd cropping system at Coimbatore district in India, to study bitter gourd floral character, the foraging ecology of native pollinators and their modes of pollination. Bitter gourd is a monoecious plant bears separate male and female flowers. Male flower blooms early followed by female flowers. Stigma receptivity of pistillate flowers was confirmed on 4th day old flower showed yellowish-green stigma with shining stigmatic exudation. The stigma receptivity lasts up to 24 hours after anthesis. Pollen viability test done with 2 per cent acetocarmine solution indicated that pollen collected during morning hours (06:00 h) were more viable and were deeply stained, whereas pollens collected at evening hours (17:00 h) remained unstained and considered as nonviable. The foraging activities of Apis cerana indica Fabricius and Tetragonula iridipennis begin at 06:00 h and 06:30 h respectively and ceased by evening 17:00 h. T. iridipennis foragers spent more time in pollen collection (31.1 seconds/ flower) and nectar collection (26.14 seconds/ flower) whereas, A. cerana indica spent less time in pollen collection (8.62 seconds/ flowers) and nectar collection (3.56 seconds/ flower) respectively. A total of 17 pollinator species belongs to four orders viz., Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera have been documented and grouped based on their mode of foraging in bitter gourd flowers.