Alternatif gelir, istihdam ve tüketim yaratma faaliyeti olarak işportacılık: 'Bursa örneği'
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Date
2005-09-29
Authors
Ertuğrul, Işın Ulaş
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
1970 sonrası, bir çok ülkede, enformel ekonomik faaliyetler yaygınlık göstermeye başlamıştır. Enformel ekonomik faaliyetlerin artması, enformelleşme süreciyle yakından ilgilidir. Bu çalışma, 1970’lerden itibaren ekonomik faaliyetlerde formel ve enformel arasındaki ayrım çizgisinin belirsizleştiğini vurgulamaktadır. Formel alanda maliyetleri düşürmek ve bu sayede de rekabet edebilmek için enformel ekonomik faaliyetler artmaktadır. Sadece üretim sürecine değil, dağıtım sürecinde de enformelleşme eğilimleri görülmektedir. Bazı çok uluslu şirketler ve / veya büyük işletmeler, küçük işletmelerin devlet denetimlerinden kaçmaları büyüklere göre daha kolay olduğundan üretim ve dağıtım birimlerini parçalamışlardır. Üretim süreçlerinde eve iş verme veya taşeronlaşma gibi enformel faaliyetler artmıştır. Öte yandan, bu süreçte, birçok firma dağıtım faaliyetlerini işportacılar üzerinden gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Kırsal alandan kentsel alana göç eden işgücü ve kentsel alandaki işsizler, enformel ekonomik faaliyetler aracılığı ile gelir elde ederler. Bu bağlamda işportacılık, işsizlere formel alanın sunamadığı fırsatları sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, bir sanayi kenti olan Bursa’da işportacılık faaliyeti ile ilgilidir. İşportacılık faaliyeti belirli bir eğitim gerektirmemekte ve faaliyete giriş kolaydır. Aynı zamanda düşük bir maliyeti olduğundan işsizler için önemli bir istihdam fırsatı sunar. Ayrıca, düşük gelir grupları için alternatif bir tüketim imkanı sağlar. Neoliberal iktisat politikalarına bağlı olarak artan yoksulluk şartlarında, işportacılık faaliyeti geçici bir faaliyet değildir. İşsizlikle ilişkili olarak kente göçün devamlılığından dolayı işportacılık faaliyeti devam edecektir.
After 1970s, informal economic activities become widespread. The expansion of informal economic activities is related to informalization process. This research emphasizes that the differentiation line between formal and informal areas become imperceptible since 1970s. Informal economic activities increase because of decreasing the costs in formal sector and so, for the competition. Tendency of informalization is seen not only in production process, but also in distribution process. Sume multinational coorporations and / or big firms have begun to segment their production and distribution units through the small firms could more easily avoid from the official controls than the bigger ones. Informal economic activities, such as putting out and subcontracting, have presented an evident increase in the production process. On the other hand, many firms could have realized their distribution activities by means of street vendors in this process. The labor force, migrate from rural areas to urban areas, and the unemployed people in urban areas obtain income by means of informal economic activities. On this concept, street vending provides the opportunities –formal area is not able to provide- to unemployed people. This research concerns the street vending activity in Bursa which is an industrial city. Street vending does not require any education and access to this activity is easy. At the same time, street vending provides an important employment opportunity to the unemployed people because of low costs. Also, low income groups benefit from this activity as an alternative and cheap consumption. In the increased poverty conditions in terms of neoliberal economic policies, street vending is not a temporary activity. Also, this activity will go on through the continuty of migration to urban areas which depends on unemployment.
After 1970s, informal economic activities become widespread. The expansion of informal economic activities is related to informalization process. This research emphasizes that the differentiation line between formal and informal areas become imperceptible since 1970s. Informal economic activities increase because of decreasing the costs in formal sector and so, for the competition. Tendency of informalization is seen not only in production process, but also in distribution process. Sume multinational coorporations and / or big firms have begun to segment their production and distribution units through the small firms could more easily avoid from the official controls than the bigger ones. Informal economic activities, such as putting out and subcontracting, have presented an evident increase in the production process. On the other hand, many firms could have realized their distribution activities by means of street vendors in this process. The labor force, migrate from rural areas to urban areas, and the unemployed people in urban areas obtain income by means of informal economic activities. On this concept, street vending provides the opportunities –formal area is not able to provide- to unemployed people. This research concerns the street vending activity in Bursa which is an industrial city. Street vending does not require any education and access to this activity is easy. At the same time, street vending provides an important employment opportunity to the unemployed people because of low costs. Also, low income groups benefit from this activity as an alternative and cheap consumption. In the increased poverty conditions in terms of neoliberal economic policies, street vending is not a temporary activity. Also, this activity will go on through the continuty of migration to urban areas which depends on unemployment.
Description
Keywords
Enformelleşme, İşportacılık, Göç, Enformel ekonomik faaliyetler, Informalization, Street vending, Migration, Informal economic activities
Citation
Ertuğrul, I. U. (2005). Alternatif gelir, istihdam ve tüketim yaratma faaliyeti olarak işportacılık: 'Bursa örneği'. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.