Arılara dost fungisit kullanımı
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Date
2009
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu makalede Türkiye’de tarım ilacı ve fungisit kullanımı kısaca belirtildikten sonra, Türkiye’de ruhsatlı fungisitlerden arılara zararsız veya az zararlı olanlar hakkında daha ayrıntılı bilgiler verilmektedir. Bunlar aşağıdaki fungisit etken maddeleridir: Bakır hidroksit, bakır oxychloride, folpet, ıprodione, vinclozoline, procymidone, maneb, propineb, ziram, kükürt, dinocap, chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, bitertanol, dichlofluanid, fenhexamid, fenpiclonil, kresoxim-methyl, pyrimethanil, tolyfluanid, trifloxystrobin, benalaxyl, metalaxyl, triforine, benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, thiophanate methyl, dimethomorph, ımazalil, prochloraz, bromuconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, fosethyl-al, hymexazole ve oxolinic asit. Fungisit uygulamasının zorunlu olduğu koşullarda arıların korunmasına yönelik, fungisit seçimi ve uygulaması ile ilgili alınabilecek önlemler de açıklanmaktadır. Bu önlemler bitkisel ürün yetiştiricileri, arıcılar ve fungisit uygulayıcıları bazında yapılabilecekleri içermektedir. Makalenin sonunda bitkisel ürün üreticileri ile arıcıların ortak yararlarına olabilecek iş birlikleri Türkiye’deki yeni pestisit kullanımındaki yasal düzenlemeler de vurgulanarak açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.
In this article, the pesticide and fungicide use in Turkey is summarized and the registered fungicides that pose little or no residual hazard to honeybees are reviewed in detail. In Turkey, the economic potential of plant protection products for 2006 was about 195 million Euros with insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and others accounting for 39, 29, 23 and 9% of this amount, respectively. The active ingredients of the fungicides that pose little or no residual hazard to honeybees are as follows: copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, folpet, ıprodione, vinclozoline, procymidone, maneb, propineb, ziram, sulphur, dinocap, chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, bitertanol, dichlofluanid, fenhexamid, fenpiclonil, kresoximmethyl, pyrimethanil, tolyfluanid, trifloxystrobin, benalaxyl, metalaxyl, triforine, benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole,thiophanate methyl, dimethomorph, ımazalil, prochloraz, bromuconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, fosethylal, hymexazole and oxolinic asit. Of these, the active ingredients Vınclozoline and Fenpiclonil have not been allowed for production or importation since 01 January 2009. In the article, the use of the other active ingredients are also under discussion in terms of their side effects on honeybees. In addition to these side effects to honeybees, the priority should be given to the use of active ingredients, at least for one of them that are more compatible with integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Under circumstances when the fungicide application is necessary, the precautions for selection and application of fungicides were explained. These precautions can be exercised by farmers, beekeepers or fungicide applicators. First of all, Beekeeper and grower cooperation is the most effective way to reduce bee poisoning;its importance cannot be overstated. The pest control program nearly always can be modified so that little or no bee poisoning occurs, without undue cost or inconvenience to grower. Well-planned integrated pest management programs often are less dangerous to bees and the others pollinators. If spraying must be done during the blooming period, application must be restricted to the period after dark or very early morning in order to reduce mortality to bees that may be visiting the blooms. Although label recommendations may help reduce the impact of spraying on managed crop pollinators and hives may be covered or removed before applications, such recommendations may not be adequate to protect native pollinators in the surrounding habitat. Formulations of the fungicides are also important. Granular formulations are the least hazardous to bees. Emulsifiable formulations usually are safer to bee than wettable powders. Dust and microencapsulated formulations are the most hazardous to bees. Briefly, they include the application of right fungicides at the right time using appropriate application method. Finally, the benefits of mutual cooperation between farmers and beekeepers and new pesticide regulations in Turkey were emphasized.
In this article, the pesticide and fungicide use in Turkey is summarized and the registered fungicides that pose little or no residual hazard to honeybees are reviewed in detail. In Turkey, the economic potential of plant protection products for 2006 was about 195 million Euros with insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and others accounting for 39, 29, 23 and 9% of this amount, respectively. The active ingredients of the fungicides that pose little or no residual hazard to honeybees are as follows: copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, folpet, ıprodione, vinclozoline, procymidone, maneb, propineb, ziram, sulphur, dinocap, chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, bitertanol, dichlofluanid, fenhexamid, fenpiclonil, kresoximmethyl, pyrimethanil, tolyfluanid, trifloxystrobin, benalaxyl, metalaxyl, triforine, benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole,thiophanate methyl, dimethomorph, ımazalil, prochloraz, bromuconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, fosethylal, hymexazole and oxolinic asit. Of these, the active ingredients Vınclozoline and Fenpiclonil have not been allowed for production or importation since 01 January 2009. In the article, the use of the other active ingredients are also under discussion in terms of their side effects on honeybees. In addition to these side effects to honeybees, the priority should be given to the use of active ingredients, at least for one of them that are more compatible with integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Under circumstances when the fungicide application is necessary, the precautions for selection and application of fungicides were explained. These precautions can be exercised by farmers, beekeepers or fungicide applicators. First of all, Beekeeper and grower cooperation is the most effective way to reduce bee poisoning;its importance cannot be overstated. The pest control program nearly always can be modified so that little or no bee poisoning occurs, without undue cost or inconvenience to grower. Well-planned integrated pest management programs often are less dangerous to bees and the others pollinators. If spraying must be done during the blooming period, application must be restricted to the period after dark or very early morning in order to reduce mortality to bees that may be visiting the blooms. Although label recommendations may help reduce the impact of spraying on managed crop pollinators and hives may be covered or removed before applications, such recommendations may not be adequate to protect native pollinators in the surrounding habitat. Formulations of the fungicides are also important. Granular formulations are the least hazardous to bees. Emulsifiable formulations usually are safer to bee than wettable powders. Dust and microencapsulated formulations are the most hazardous to bees. Briefly, they include the application of right fungicides at the right time using appropriate application method. Finally, the benefits of mutual cooperation between farmers and beekeepers and new pesticide regulations in Turkey were emphasized.
Description
Keywords
Arı, Fungisitler, İlaçlama, Ekotoksikoloji, Bee, Fungicides, Medication, Ecotoxicology
Citation
Tezcan, H. (2009). "Arılara dost fungisit kullanımı". Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 9(1), 32-38.