Platon’da beden ve yasa ilişkisi
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Date
2014
Authors
Ketenci, Taşkıner
Topuz, Metin
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Beden ve bedene ilişkin düzenlemeler hem çağdaş felsefenin hem de çağdaş siyasetin ana konularındandır. Bedenin kavramsallaştırılmasının, felsefe tarihinde çeşitli uğrakları olmuştur. Bu konuda felsefe tarihinde bir tutarlılık ya da süreklilik olduğunu söylemek güçtür. Fakat bedenin felsefi bir bütünlük içinde ele alınmasının en güçlü örneklerini Sokrates ve Platon’da bulduğumuzu söyleyebiliriz. Sokrates ve Platon, beden kavramını bazen çeşitli savların somutlaştırılması veya pekiştirilmesi amacıyla alegorik ve metaforik anlamlarda kullanırlar. Aynı zamanda bedenin bizatihi ele alındığı tartışmalar da mevcuttur. Bedenin kendisinin kavramsallaştırılmasına, Sokrates ve Platon’un ontolojik, epistemolojik, etik, siyasal, eğitime ve sosyal tabakalaşmaya ilişkin görüşlerinin tamamında rastlamak mümkündür. Ontolojik anlamda ruhun sonsuzluğu karşısında sınırlılığıyla konumlandırılmış bir beden söz konusudur. Epistemolojik anlamda mutlak bilginin kavranabilirliği konusunda yetkinsizliğiyle belirlenmiş bir beden vardır. Etik açıdan erdemli yaşamın önüne engeller oluşturan tutku ve iştah merkezi bir beden söz konusudur. Eğitim açısından beden, bir yandan fiziksel olgunluğu sağlayacak fiziksel eğitimin bir parçasıdır. Fakat aynı zamanda ruhun saflığı karşısından lekeli/kirli olan bedenin ruhsal saflığa ulaşmasını kapsayan bir eğitimin parçasıdır. Bu anlamda beden zaman zaman sağlıklı nesiller yetiştirmenin olanağını sağlayan cinsel ve pedagojik eğitimin bir parçası haline de getirilir. Ve son olarak iyi birer savaşçı yetiştirebilmek açısından beden, savaş eğitiminin bir parçası haline gelir. Sosyal tabakalaşma açısından kişinin alacağı sağlık yardımının ölçüsü, bedensel olarak varlığını çalışma yaşamında var etmesine bağlıdır. Bunun yanında bedensel sağlığın tamlığı veya belirlenmiş yaşlar arasında, üreme yoluyla aktarılmaması, toplumsal dışlanmaya neden olmaktadır. Bedenin siyaset felsefesi açısından ele alınışı, diğer bütün ele alma biçimleriyle kesişmektedir. Bu alanda bedene ilişkin değerlendirmelerin genel başlıklarını, eğitimin bir parçası olarak beden eğitimi; beden bakıcısı olarak hekimin yetkileri; sağlıklı beden/tür yetiştiricisi olarak çobanın yetkileri; hekimin ve çobanın yetkisini kendinde birleştiren yönetici-kral; yöneticinin yasalar aracılığıyla toplumun cinsel yaşamlarını düzenlemesi oluşturur. Bu çalışmanın amacı Sokrates ve Platon’un beden hakkındaki düşüncelerini bütünlüklü olarak ortaya koymak ve bu düşüncelerin toplumsal düzen zemininde ne türden yasal karşılıkları olduğunu göstermektir. Ama aynı zamanda çağdaş felsefi tartışma zeminlerinden birini oluşturan beden politikalarını değerlendirmede yardımcı olup olamayacağına veya bu tartışmalarda Sokrates ve Platon’un düşüncelerinin etkisinin bulunup bulunmadığına kısaca değinmektir.
Body and the regulations according to the body are the main problems in both contemporary philosophy and contemporary politics. In that respect there are several stops along the way of conceiving the body through the history of philosophy. It is hard to suppose that there are consistency and continuity in the history of philosophy in the compass of this subject. On the other hand, we can say that we can find the most potent examples of arguments which discusses the problem of the body in a philosophical coherence in Socrates and Plato's ideas. Socrates and Plato sometimes use the concept of the body in an allegorical and metaphorical way to concrete or reinforce various assertions. Besides, there are some discussions in which the body is a direct issue. It is possible to determine the direct conceptualizing of the torso in the ontological, epistemological, ethical, political, and educational ideas and the thoughts on social stratification in the context of Socrates and Plato's thinking. There is a description of the body which is located opposite of the eternal soul according to its limited existence in the scope of this ontological approach. In epistemological approach, there is the body which is ascertained as being incapable of apprehending the absolute knowledge. In the scope of the ethical reasoning the body which prevents the moral living by being the center of passion and desire shows itself. For education, the body is a part of the physical training that provides the physical maturity. On the other hand, this training of the stained / dirty body is a step in the way of purifying the soul. In this context, the body, sometimes becomes a part of the sexual and pedagogical education that ensures the possibility of raising healthy generations. And lastly, it becomes a part of the military training that cultivates proper soldiers. In the scope of the social stratification, the health benefits, of which a person can take advantages, depends on this person's contribution in working life with his/her body. In addition to this, the completeness of the bodily health and its incapability in transmitting between different ages causes social exclusions. The discussion on the body in the scope of the political philosophy intersects with all the other ideas relating to the body of different dimensions. In political dimension the discussions are under these topics below: physical training as a part of education, medical's powers as the caretaker of the body, the shepherd's powers as the cultivator of the body and the kind, the philosopher king who gathered the powers of the medical and shepherd together and the regulations which are made by the philosopher-king on the sexual life of the society via the laws. The purpose of this study is to reveal the ideas of Socrates and Plato on the body totally and show the reflections of these thoughts in the social order. But at the same time, this study aims to mention briefly whether this approach can help us to evaluate the body policies which constitutes one of the discussion platforms in contemporary philosophy or not and whether Socrates and Plato's ideas have an impact on these discussions about the body.
Body and the regulations according to the body are the main problems in both contemporary philosophy and contemporary politics. In that respect there are several stops along the way of conceiving the body through the history of philosophy. It is hard to suppose that there are consistency and continuity in the history of philosophy in the compass of this subject. On the other hand, we can say that we can find the most potent examples of arguments which discusses the problem of the body in a philosophical coherence in Socrates and Plato's ideas. Socrates and Plato sometimes use the concept of the body in an allegorical and metaphorical way to concrete or reinforce various assertions. Besides, there are some discussions in which the body is a direct issue. It is possible to determine the direct conceptualizing of the torso in the ontological, epistemological, ethical, political, and educational ideas and the thoughts on social stratification in the context of Socrates and Plato's thinking. There is a description of the body which is located opposite of the eternal soul according to its limited existence in the scope of this ontological approach. In epistemological approach, there is the body which is ascertained as being incapable of apprehending the absolute knowledge. In the scope of the ethical reasoning the body which prevents the moral living by being the center of passion and desire shows itself. For education, the body is a part of the physical training that provides the physical maturity. On the other hand, this training of the stained / dirty body is a step in the way of purifying the soul. In this context, the body, sometimes becomes a part of the sexual and pedagogical education that ensures the possibility of raising healthy generations. And lastly, it becomes a part of the military training that cultivates proper soldiers. In the scope of the social stratification, the health benefits, of which a person can take advantages, depends on this person's contribution in working life with his/her body. In addition to this, the completeness of the bodily health and its incapability in transmitting between different ages causes social exclusions. The discussion on the body in the scope of the political philosophy intersects with all the other ideas relating to the body of different dimensions. In political dimension the discussions are under these topics below: physical training as a part of education, medical's powers as the caretaker of the body, the shepherd's powers as the cultivator of the body and the kind, the philosopher king who gathered the powers of the medical and shepherd together and the regulations which are made by the philosopher-king on the sexual life of the society via the laws. The purpose of this study is to reveal the ideas of Socrates and Plato on the body totally and show the reflections of these thoughts in the social order. But at the same time, this study aims to mention briefly whether this approach can help us to evaluate the body policies which constitutes one of the discussion platforms in contemporary philosophy or not and whether Socrates and Plato's ideas have an impact on these discussions about the body.
Description
Keywords
Platon, Beden, Ruh, Yasa, Eğitim, Toplumsal düzenleme, Hekim-çoban-yönetici, Plato, Body, Soul, Law, Education, Social regulation, Medical-shepherd-governor
Citation
Ketenci, T. ve Topuz, M. (2014). "Platon’da beden ve yasa ilişkisi". Kaygı. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 22, 27-43.