Türkiye’de bal arısı (apis mellifera l.)’nın avcısı arı canavarı [(philanthus triangulum (f.)]
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Date
2013-06-06
Authors
Özbek, Hikmet
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Philanthus (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae, Phlanthinae) cinsine giren türler (ülkemizde 8 tür), değişik yaban arısı türleri ve balarılarını avlayarak yavruları için gıda temin ederler. “Arı canavarı” olarak nitelendirdiğimiz Philanthus triangulum F., sadecebal arısı (Apis mellifera L.)’na yönelmektedir. Dişi arı canavarı, çiçekler üzerindeki tarlacı arıları, bazen de kovan tahtasındaki arıları yakalar, göğüsün ilk halkasına alttan iğnesini batırarak paralize eder. Bu arıları, larvalarının beslenmesi için yuvaya taşıdığı gibi, kimilerini de ezerek bal kesesinden çıkan balla beslenirler. Yuvadaki yavru hücrelerine yeteri miktarda paralize olmuş arıları yerleştirdikten sonra (1-6 arı) en son bıraktığı arının üzerine bir yumurta yapar ve hücrenin ağzını kapatır. Yumurta iki günde açılır ve çıkan larva hücre içerisindeki arılarla beslenmesini sürdürür ve pupa dönemine girer. Yaklaşık 4 haftalık bir süreden sonra ergin dışarı çıkar, birkaç gün içerisinde yuva yapmaya başlar. İklim koşullarına bağlı olarak yılda 1-2 döl verir. Bir dişinin günde yakaladığı arı sayısı 10’a kadar çıkabilmektedir. Ülke genelinde görülen bu zararlı, özellikle Doğu ve İç Anadolu bölgelerinde daha fazla yoğunluk göstermektedir. 1970’li yıllarda Beylikköprü, Polatlı (Ankara)’da salgın yapan arı canavarı, bu köydeki arı kolonilerine ciddi boyutlarda zarar vermiştir. Arı canavarı, 1980-1990 yıllarında Erzurum ve çevre illerde de belirgin bir artış göstermiş, Atatürk Üniversitesi’nin korunga sahalarında metrekarede üçe ulaşan düzeyde tespitler yapılmıştır. Ancak son yıllarda adeta nadir rastlanır duruma düşmüştür. Genelde arıcılar, bu zararlıyı tanımamakta, birçok arı uzmanları ise eşekarıları (Vespidae türleri) ile karıştırmaktadırlar.
The species in the genus Philanthus (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae, Phlanthinae) (eight species are present in Turkey) prey on numerous wild beesas well as on honey bee, Apis mellifera L. in providing food for their offsprings. Philanthus triangulum, commonly known as the “bee wolf”, is apparently the only one that specializes in the honey bee. The female of P. triangulum captures honey bees on the flowers, paralyses them by a sting on the ventral of prothorax. Some of the bees are carried to the burrow and provided food for the offspring, and the rest are used by the female herself; she empties the stomach of its victim by squeezing and laps up the honey. When the cell is stocked with paralyzed bees (1-6 bees), the female deposits an egg on the bee most recently brought in. Larva hatches from the egg in two days, feed on the bees, and pupates in the cell. After about four weeks adult emerges from the burrow, and within a few days starts digging a burrow of its own. It has one or two generations each year depending on the climatic conditions. Philanthus triangulum is a widespread species all over the country, but it is more abundant in Eastern and Central Anatolian regions. In 1970s an outbreak occurred in Beylikköprü, Polatlı (Ankara) and gave significant damage to the bee colonies. The population of P. triangulum was quite high in 1980-1990 in Erzurum and neighboring provinces; in a sainfoin field up to three individuals of P. triangulum were observed in one m2 at the research field of Atatürk University. However, last 10 years it was almost disappeared in Erzurum Province. In general, beekeepers do not aware of this pest; those of the bee specialists confuse it with vespid wasps (Vespidae) in Turkey
The species in the genus Philanthus (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae, Phlanthinae) (eight species are present in Turkey) prey on numerous wild beesas well as on honey bee, Apis mellifera L. in providing food for their offsprings. Philanthus triangulum, commonly known as the “bee wolf”, is apparently the only one that specializes in the honey bee. The female of P. triangulum captures honey bees on the flowers, paralyses them by a sting on the ventral of prothorax. Some of the bees are carried to the burrow and provided food for the offspring, and the rest are used by the female herself; she empties the stomach of its victim by squeezing and laps up the honey. When the cell is stocked with paralyzed bees (1-6 bees), the female deposits an egg on the bee most recently brought in. Larva hatches from the egg in two days, feed on the bees, and pupates in the cell. After about four weeks adult emerges from the burrow, and within a few days starts digging a burrow of its own. It has one or two generations each year depending on the climatic conditions. Philanthus triangulum is a widespread species all over the country, but it is more abundant in Eastern and Central Anatolian regions. In 1970s an outbreak occurred in Beylikköprü, Polatlı (Ankara) and gave significant damage to the bee colonies. The population of P. triangulum was quite high in 1980-1990 in Erzurum and neighboring provinces; in a sainfoin field up to three individuals of P. triangulum were observed in one m2 at the research field of Atatürk University. However, last 10 years it was almost disappeared in Erzurum Province. In general, beekeepers do not aware of this pest; those of the bee specialists confuse it with vespid wasps (Vespidae) in Turkey
Description
Keywords
Arı canavarı, Philanthus triangulum, Crabronidae, Apis mellifera, Türkiye, Bee wolf, Turkey
Citation
Özbek, H. (2014). "Türkiye’de bal arısı (apis mellifera l.)’nın avcısı arı canavarı [(philanthus triangulum (f.)]". Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 14(1), 26-34.