Heidegger’in fundamental ontolojisinde varlığın özdeşliği
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Date
2014
Authors
Kılıç, Sinan
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Heidegger metafiziğinin özünü oluşturan fundamental ontolojideki varlık kavrayışı ve bu kavrayışın ardındaki düşünme yapısının özdeşlik ilkesiyle olan bağıntısı analiz edilecektir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Heidegger’in aşmaya çalıştığı Batı metafiziğinin ousia temelli varlık kavrayışı problemini, Heidegger’de varlık ve Dasein’ın özdeşliği argümanı ile değerlendirmektir. Heidegger fundamental ontoloji ile, varlığın tarihi olarak değerlendirdiği Batı metafizik geleneğinin unuttuğu veya terk ettiği varlık kavrayışını dekonstrüksiyona uğratarak, varlığın anlamını yeniden açığa çıkarmayı amaçlar. Bu kapsamda Heidegger Batı metafizik geleneğinde iki farklı varlık kavrayışının olduğunu ifade eder: Birincisi varlığı phusis ile “orada belirecek olan” olarak kavrayan Antik Greek düşünme yapısıyla oluşan varlık kavrayışı; ikincisi Antik Greek metafiziğinin “orada olan” varlık kavrayışından koparak, varlığı ousia ile “mevcut olana” dönüştüren varlık kavrayışı. Birinci geleneği Antik Greek düşünürleri içerisinde özellikle Heraklitos temsil ederken, ikinci geleneği Aristoteles temsil eder. Bu kapsamda Heidegger Batı metafizik tarihinde varlığın unutulmuşluğu problemini, Aristoteles’in varlık kavrayışıyla oluşan “kategorik” düşünme yapsıyla temellendirir. Bu düşünme yapısı, varlığı düşünme ile olan özdeşliğinden kopararak ousia ile bir “mevcut olana” ve düşünmeyi de onun temsiline dönüştürür. Heidegger’e göre phusis olan varlığın ousia ile düşünmeden koparılması, aynı zamanda varlığın unutulmuşluğunun da temelini oluşturur. Bu nedenle fundamental ontolojide, varlığın unutulmuşluğundan sorumlu olan düşünme yapısının tarihsel izleri dekonstrüksiyona uğratılarak, varlık Antik Greek düşünmesindeki temelleriyle yeniden açığa çıkarılır. Varlığın açığa çıkarılması ise fundamental ontolojinin temel problemi olan Dasein’ın analiziyle gerçekleştirilir. Çünkü Heidegger’de Dasein varlığı kategorik düşünmenin neden olduğu unutulmuşluğundan açığa çıkararak, ona “zamansal” anlamını verecek olandır. Varlığın kategorik ilkelerle düşünmeden koparılan anlamı, Dasein ve varlığın mülkiyetinin “hiçlik”, “zamansallık”, “dünyasallık”, “mekansallık”, “kaygı”, “başkası”, “dünya içinde varlık” vb. kavramlarla birbirine ait kılınmasıyla yeniden inşa edilir. Bu kavramlarla inşa edilen varlık kavrayışında varlık ve Dasein, düşünme ve dil ile birbirinin mülkiyetinde özdeş kılınır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada Dasein ve varlığın özdeşliğinin nasıl inşa edildiği kavramsal bağlantılarla analiz edilirken, aynı zamanda bu kavramsal bağlantıları oluşturan düşünme yapısının özdeşlik ilkesine olan bağlılığı da analiz edilecektir. Böylece Heidegger’in fundamental ontolojisinde Dasein ve varlığın özdeşliği ile varlığı veya daha temelde düşünmeyi yeniden inşa ettiği, fakat varlığın veya düşünmenin eksistensiyalitesine “zamansal” bir öz yükleyerek aynı geleneğin özdeşlik ilkesine bağlı kaldığı gösterilecektir.
In this study, comprehension of being in fundamental ontology which is the essence of Heidegger metaphysics and the connection of the thinking structure behind this comprehension with the principle of identity shall be analyzed. The basic purpose of this study is to assess the problem of ousia based comprehension of being of Western metaphysics which Heidegger tried to go beyond on the basis of comprehension of identity of being and Dasein in Heidegger’s philosophy. Through fundamental ontology Heidegger aims at subjecting comprehension of being to deconstruction which comprehension is left by Western metaphysics tradition to be forgotten. In this context Heidegger expresses that there are two different comprehensions of being in Western metaphysics tradition: the first one is the comprehension of being created by Ancient Greek thinking structure which comprehends being as “the one to exist there” with phusis; the second one is the comprehension of being which breaks off the comprehension of being of Ancient Greek metaphysics which is “the one existing there” and which transforms being into “existing one” through ousia. While the first tradition is particularly represented by Heraclitus among Ancient Greek philosophers, the second tradition is represented by Aristotle. Heidegger bases the problem of forgottenness of being in the history of Western metaphysics on the “categorical” thinking structure created by Aristotle’s comprehension of being. This thinking structure breaks off being from its identity with thinking and transforms being into “the existing one” through ousia and transforms thinking to representation thereof. According to Heidegger, breaking off being which is phusis from thinking through ousia is at the same time the basis of forgottenness of being. For this reason the historical traces of the thinking structure which is responsible for forgottenness of being in fundamental ontology are subjected to deconstruction and the being is revealed once more with its foundations in Ancient Greek thinking. According to Heidegger, the being was forgotten by being transformed into “the existing one” through the principles of categorical thinking in the history of Western metaphysics, particularly in portAristotle philosophy tradition. And forgetting the being means leaving the connection between being and thinking because when the being is comprehended as “the existing one”, being gains existence independently from thinking and thinking transforms into representation of being. Nevertheless for Heidegger, the being is not “the existing one” but it is rather the being of Dasein in orientation to the one “which was there” all the time. Dasein is the thing that will give the meaning of the being since it is the only existing one which poses its own existence among all existing things as a problem because Dasein is the being which is in an orientation all the time with existentiality of the non-“existing one”. Dasein’s orientation toward its being that exists there is its temporality belonging to its existentiality. Dasein is the existing one which will reveal the being from its forgottenness caused by categorical thinking with its temporal existence.
In this study, comprehension of being in fundamental ontology which is the essence of Heidegger metaphysics and the connection of the thinking structure behind this comprehension with the principle of identity shall be analyzed. The basic purpose of this study is to assess the problem of ousia based comprehension of being of Western metaphysics which Heidegger tried to go beyond on the basis of comprehension of identity of being and Dasein in Heidegger’s philosophy. Through fundamental ontology Heidegger aims at subjecting comprehension of being to deconstruction which comprehension is left by Western metaphysics tradition to be forgotten. In this context Heidegger expresses that there are two different comprehensions of being in Western metaphysics tradition: the first one is the comprehension of being created by Ancient Greek thinking structure which comprehends being as “the one to exist there” with phusis; the second one is the comprehension of being which breaks off the comprehension of being of Ancient Greek metaphysics which is “the one existing there” and which transforms being into “existing one” through ousia. While the first tradition is particularly represented by Heraclitus among Ancient Greek philosophers, the second tradition is represented by Aristotle. Heidegger bases the problem of forgottenness of being in the history of Western metaphysics on the “categorical” thinking structure created by Aristotle’s comprehension of being. This thinking structure breaks off being from its identity with thinking and transforms being into “the existing one” through ousia and transforms thinking to representation thereof. According to Heidegger, breaking off being which is phusis from thinking through ousia is at the same time the basis of forgottenness of being. For this reason the historical traces of the thinking structure which is responsible for forgottenness of being in fundamental ontology are subjected to deconstruction and the being is revealed once more with its foundations in Ancient Greek thinking. According to Heidegger, the being was forgotten by being transformed into “the existing one” through the principles of categorical thinking in the history of Western metaphysics, particularly in portAristotle philosophy tradition. And forgetting the being means leaving the connection between being and thinking because when the being is comprehended as “the existing one”, being gains existence independently from thinking and thinking transforms into representation of being. Nevertheless for Heidegger, the being is not “the existing one” but it is rather the being of Dasein in orientation to the one “which was there” all the time. Dasein is the thing that will give the meaning of the being since it is the only existing one which poses its own existence among all existing things as a problem because Dasein is the being which is in an orientation all the time with existentiality of the non-“existing one”. Dasein’s orientation toward its being that exists there is its temporality belonging to its existentiality. Dasein is the existing one which will reveal the being from its forgottenness caused by categorical thinking with its temporal existence.
Description
Keywords
Varlık, Dasein, Hiçlik, Kaygı, Zamansallık, Dünyasallık, Mekansallık, El altında olanlar, Being, Dasein, Nothing, Anxiety, Temporality, Worldliness, Spatialness, Other
Citation
Kılıç, S. (2014). "Heidegger’in fundamental ontolojisinde varlığın özdeşliği". Kaygı. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 23, 11-28.