Bal arılarında ırk kavramı ve ırk seçimi
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Date
2001
Authors
Kaftanoğlu, Osman
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bal arılarının ana vatanı Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika kıtaları olup, milyonlarca yıldan beri dünya üzerinde yaşamlarını sürdürmektedir. Apis cinsi içerisinde en yaygın ve ekonomik değeri en fazla olan tür Apis mellifera olup bu tür içerisinde de çeşitli bölgelere adaptasyonu ile bölgesel ırklar (alt tür) ve bu ırklar içerisinde de ekotipler oluşmuştur. Bu ırklardan en yaygın ve ekonomik değeri en fazla olan ırklar İtalyan (A.m. ligustica), Karniyol {A.m. carnica) Kafkas (Apis m. caııcasicd). ve Anadolu (A.m. anatoliaca) arı ırklarıdır. İtalyan arısı sarı renkli, sakin huylu, gelişme hızı, bal verimi ve arı sütü verimi yüksek, oğul eğilimi düşük fakat yağmacılık eğilimi fazla olan bir ırktır. Ilıman iklimden karasal iklime kadar çok değişik ekolojik koşullara adapte olmuştur ve başta Amerika, Kanada, Çin ve Avustralya olmak üzere bir çok ülkede yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Karniyol arısı vücut ölçüleri bakımından İtalyan arılarına çok benzeyen ancak koyu renkli, bal verimi yüksek, kış aylarını küçük bir populasyonla ve az bal tüketerek geçiren, ilkbahar gelişme hızı ve oğul eğilimi fazla olan oldukça sakin bir ırktır. Kafkas arısı gri esmer renkli, bal verimi yüksek, oldukça sakin huylu, kışı uzun ve sert geçen karasal iklime adapte olmuş, diğer ırklara oranla daha fazla propolis toplayan, ilkbaharda geç uyanan fakat yaz aylarında hızla gelişen, oğul verme eğilimi az olan değerli bir arı ırkıdır. Bunlar da İtalyan arıları gibi zayıf kolonileri yağmalama eğilimi fazladır. Anadolu arısı ise gerek renk, gerekse verim ve fizyolojik özellikler bakımından büyük varyasyon gösteren, çeşitli bölgelere adapte olmuş bir çok ekotipi olan Italyan, Karniyol ve Kafkas arılarına oranla oldukça hırçın olan bir ırktır. Ülkemizde en yaygın olan ekotipleri Muğla arısı ve Orta Anadolu arısıdır. Muğla ana arısının Kafkas erkekleri ile olan melezlerinde melez azmanlığı gözlenmiş ve bal veriminde Kafkas arısına oranla % 97 likbir artış sağlanmıştır. Ülke çapında bal verimini artırmak ve daha sakin koloniler oluşturmak üzere Kafkas, Muğla ve Anadolu arıları ıslah edilmeli ve bu gen kaynakları gen merkezlerinde korunmalıdır. Ayrıca bal verimi ve sakinlik yönünden ıslah edilmiş İtalyan ve Karniyol arılarından da yararlanarak İtalyan x Kafkas ve Karniyol x Kafkas melezlerinin de değişik bölgelerde performansları belirlenmeli ve bu ırkların iyi özelliklerinden yararlanılmalıdır.
The homelands of honey bees are Asia, Europe and Africa where they have been living for millions of years. Apis mellifera is the most common and the economically jmportant species in the Apis genus. There are many races (subspecies) of A. mellifera which are adapted to different geographic regions and many ecotypes adapted to different ecological conditions within the races. The most common and economically important races are the Italian (A.m. ligustica), Carniolan (A. m. carnica), Caucasian (Apis m. caucasica), and the Anatolian (A.m. anatoliaca) honey bees. The Italian bees are light yellow colored, gentle, excellent honey and royal jelly producers. Their colony growth rate is high, svvarming tendency is low but robbing tendency is strong. They are well adapted to different climatic conditions from sub tropical to temperate and they have been used extensively in many countries including the USA, Canada, China and Australia. The Camiolan bees are similar to the Italian bees morphologically except the body color. They are dark colored gentle bees, ovenvinter with a small population, and therefore consume very little honey during the winter but grow fast in the early spring and tend to swarm. The Caucasian bees are grey dark colored, gentle and productive bees with low swarming tendency and they are adapted to highlands and temperate climates. Therefore they collect much propolis, their spring development is slower than the other races but they build up strong colonies during the summer and produce much honey. They tend to rob the weak colonies sarne as the Italian bees. The anatolian bees are the most common bees in Turkey. They are more aggressive than the Italian, Camiolan and Caucacian bees. They have many ecotypes adapted to different regions and showing great variation in terms of body color, productivity, morphological and physiological characters. The most common ecotypes are the Muğla bees and the Central Anatolian bees. The crosses between the Muğla queens and the Caucasian drones showed hybrid vigor and their honey production was 97 % higher than the püre Caucasian colonies. Honey production, colony development rate and the gentleness of the Caucasian, Muğla and Anatolian bees should be improved by breeding and these genotypes should be preserved in their homelands. Moreover, Italian and Camiolan stocks improved on honey production and gentleness also should be used and the performances of the Italian x Caucasian and the Camiolan x Caucasian crosses should be tested in different regions in order to take advantage of the desirable characteristics of these races.
The homelands of honey bees are Asia, Europe and Africa where they have been living for millions of years. Apis mellifera is the most common and the economically jmportant species in the Apis genus. There are many races (subspecies) of A. mellifera which are adapted to different geographic regions and many ecotypes adapted to different ecological conditions within the races. The most common and economically important races are the Italian (A.m. ligustica), Carniolan (A. m. carnica), Caucasian (Apis m. caucasica), and the Anatolian (A.m. anatoliaca) honey bees. The Italian bees are light yellow colored, gentle, excellent honey and royal jelly producers. Their colony growth rate is high, svvarming tendency is low but robbing tendency is strong. They are well adapted to different climatic conditions from sub tropical to temperate and they have been used extensively in many countries including the USA, Canada, China and Australia. The Camiolan bees are similar to the Italian bees morphologically except the body color. They are dark colored gentle bees, ovenvinter with a small population, and therefore consume very little honey during the winter but grow fast in the early spring and tend to swarm. The Caucasian bees are grey dark colored, gentle and productive bees with low swarming tendency and they are adapted to highlands and temperate climates. Therefore they collect much propolis, their spring development is slower than the other races but they build up strong colonies during the summer and produce much honey. They tend to rob the weak colonies sarne as the Italian bees. The anatolian bees are the most common bees in Turkey. They are more aggressive than the Italian, Camiolan and Caucacian bees. They have many ecotypes adapted to different regions and showing great variation in terms of body color, productivity, morphological and physiological characters. The most common ecotypes are the Muğla bees and the Central Anatolian bees. The crosses between the Muğla queens and the Caucasian drones showed hybrid vigor and their honey production was 97 % higher than the püre Caucasian colonies. Honey production, colony development rate and the gentleness of the Caucasian, Muğla and Anatolian bees should be improved by breeding and these genotypes should be preserved in their homelands. Moreover, Italian and Camiolan stocks improved on honey production and gentleness also should be used and the performances of the Italian x Caucasian and the Camiolan x Caucasian crosses should be tested in different regions in order to take advantage of the desirable characteristics of these races.
Description
Keywords
Bal arısı ırkları, Apis mellifera, Italyan, Karniyol, Kafkas, Anadolu arısı, Honey bee races, Apis mellifera, Italian, Camiolan, Caucasian and Anatolian bees
Citation
Kaftanoğlu, O. (2001). "Bal arılarında ırk kavramı ve ırk seçimi". Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 1(3), 11-20.