Hasat öncesi incir meyvelerinde ethephon kullanımının oluşturduğu kalıntı riskinin belirlenmesi
Date
2021-05-06
Authors
Hazarhun, Gülden
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bursa siyahı incirinin yüksek besin değerlerine sahip olması ve yetiştiriciliği yapılmayan Orta ve Kuzey Avrupa ülkelerinde egzotik bir meyve olarak tercih edilmesi nedeniyle önemi Türkiye tarımı ve ihracatı açısından çok yüksektir. Bu bitkisel ürünün sentetik kimyasallar kullanılmadan üretilmesi tüketicinin diğer bir tercih nedenidir. Ancak, incir meyvelerinin hasat öncesinde hızlı olgunlaşmasını sağlamak amacıyla ethephon gibi bitki gelişme düzenleyicilerinin kullanılması sorunlu bir konudur. Bu nedenle, bu simülasyon çalışmasında, ethephon’un bahçe koşullarında uygulanması sonucu ortaya çıkan ethephon ve onun parçalanma ürünü olan fosfonik asidin kalıntı risklerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, ethephon’un ticari bir formülasyonu arazi koşullarında bitkilere iki farklı konsantrasyonda uygulanmıştır. Uygulamanın hemen sonrasında, hasat sırasında ve hasat sonrasında farklı depolama süreçlerinde örnekler alınarak, bu iki kimyasalın kalıntı düzeyleri yeni bir analiz metodu kullanılarak LC-MS-MS cihazı ile belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, ethephon’un üç günde hasat olgunluğuna neden olan yüksek konsantrasyonu uygulandığında 3. ve 6. günlerdeki hasat edilmiş ürünlerdeki ortalama ethephon konsantrasyonu sırasıyla 10.92 ve 8.45 mgkg-1 bulunmuştur. Hasat sonrasında 16 günlük soğuk havada saklama sürecinde ise ethephon konsantrasyonu sırasıyla 5.30 ve 6.34 mgkg-1 ’a kadar düşmüştür. Diğer taraftan, 6 günde meyveleri olgunluğa ulaştıran düşük konsantrasyon kullanılırsa, hasat edilmiş ürünlerdeki ortalama ethephon konsantrasyonu 0.63 mgkg-1 ; hasat sonrası soğuk koşullarda 16 gün bekleme sonucu 0.20 mgkg-1 bulunmuştur. Fosfonik asit ise ethephonun uygulanmasından hemen sonra tüm aşamalarda 0.19-0.31 mgkg-1 konsantrasyonlarda belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, her koşulda ve aşamada ethephon ve parçalanma ürünü fosfonik asit incir meyveleri üzerinde tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle bu ürün incir yetiştiriciliğinde kesinlikle kullanılmaması gerekmektedir.
Bursa black fig holds great significance in terms of agricultural production and exportation of Turkey, because of its high nutritional value and the demand from Central and Northern European countries as an exotic fruit. Another reason for the consumer preference is that this agricultural product is grown without using synthetic chemicals. However, the use of plant growth regulators like ethephon, during pre-harvest period to ensure rapid ripening of fig fruits becomes questionable. The aim of this simulation study was to determine the residual risks of ethephon and its degradation product, phosphonic acid, resulting from its application in orchards during pre-harvest period. For this purpose, a commercial formulation of ethephon was applied to plants at two different concentrations under field conditions. The residue levels of these two chemicals were detected by LC MS-MS using a new analysis method, by taking samples in different processes: immediately after the application, during pre- and postharvest. Results showed that the fruits reach maturity within three days when the high concentration of ethephon was applied. The average ethephon residues in the harvested products on the 3rd and 6th days were found to be 10.92 and 8.45 mg kg-1 , respectively. During the 16-day cold storage process after harvest, ethephon concentration slowly decreased to 5.30 and 6.34 mg kg-1 , respectively. If the low concentration is applied to fruits, maturity completed within 6 days. The average ethephon residues at harvest time and at the end of 16 days cold storage were 0.63 mg kg-1 and 0.20 mg kg-1 , respectively. Phosphonic acid has been determined between 0.19 and 0.31 mg kg-1 , since the time of ethephon application in all treatments. As a result, the residues of ethephon and its breakdown metabolite phosphonic acid left over the detection limits of the device and the method during all processes. Therefore, this chemical should not be used during the growing period of figs.
Bursa black fig holds great significance in terms of agricultural production and exportation of Turkey, because of its high nutritional value and the demand from Central and Northern European countries as an exotic fruit. Another reason for the consumer preference is that this agricultural product is grown without using synthetic chemicals. However, the use of plant growth regulators like ethephon, during pre-harvest period to ensure rapid ripening of fig fruits becomes questionable. The aim of this simulation study was to determine the residual risks of ethephon and its degradation product, phosphonic acid, resulting from its application in orchards during pre-harvest period. For this purpose, a commercial formulation of ethephon was applied to plants at two different concentrations under field conditions. The residue levels of these two chemicals were detected by LC MS-MS using a new analysis method, by taking samples in different processes: immediately after the application, during pre- and postharvest. Results showed that the fruits reach maturity within three days when the high concentration of ethephon was applied. The average ethephon residues in the harvested products on the 3rd and 6th days were found to be 10.92 and 8.45 mg kg-1 , respectively. During the 16-day cold storage process after harvest, ethephon concentration slowly decreased to 5.30 and 6.34 mg kg-1 , respectively. If the low concentration is applied to fruits, maturity completed within 6 days. The average ethephon residues at harvest time and at the end of 16 days cold storage were 0.63 mg kg-1 and 0.20 mg kg-1 , respectively. Phosphonic acid has been determined between 0.19 and 0.31 mg kg-1 , since the time of ethephon application in all treatments. As a result, the residues of ethephon and its breakdown metabolite phosphonic acid left over the detection limits of the device and the method during all processes. Therefore, this chemical should not be used during the growing period of figs.
Description
Keywords
Ethephon, Fosfonik asit, İncir, Kalıntı, Risk, Ethephon, Phosphonic acid, Fig, Residue, Risk assessment
Citation
Hazarhun, G. ve Kumral, N. A. (2021). ''Hasat öncesi incir meyvelerinde ethephon kullanımının oluşturduğu kalıntı riskinin belirlenmesi''. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(2), 299-312.