Türkiye, Çin ve Hindistan’ın sektörel rekabet gücü üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir inceleme

Abstract

Dünyanın en hızlı büyüyen ve uluslararası rekabet gücü giderek artan ekonomileri arasında gösterilen Çin ve Hindistan, küresel ölçekte adından en fazla söz ettiren ülkelerdir. Son dönemde Türkiye’nin büyüme ve ihracat performansı da ilgi uyandırmakta ve sözü edilen üç ülkenin rekabet güçlerinin sektörel bazda analiz edilerek karşılaştırılması önemli bir araştırma konusu durumuna gelmektedir. Çalışmada sözü edilen üç ülkenin rekabet güçleri 1990-2009 dönemi dikkate alınarak hammadde yoğun mallar, işgücü yoğun mallar, sermaye yoğun mallar, kolayca taklit edilebilen mallar ve zor taklit edilebilen araştırma bazlı mallar olarak beş farklı mal grubu için ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Ülkelerin rekabet güçlerinin ölçütü olarak Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlük (AKÜ), İhracat Uzmanlık İndeksi (İUİ) ve Karşılaştırmalı İhracat Performansı (KİP) İndeksi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, incelenen üç ülkenin rekabet gücünün beklendiği üzere temelde emek yoğun mallara dayandığına, ancak son dönemde Hindistan için özellikle sermaye yoğun malların öneminin daha da arttığına işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca, Türkiye’nin Çin karşısında özellikle işgücü yoğun ve kolayca taklit edilebilen mallarda dezavantajlı olduğu, Hindistan karşısında ise hammadde ve kolayca taklit edilebilen mallarda dezavantajlı olmasına rağmen sermaye yoğun mallarda daha iyi bir ihracat uzmanlığına sahip olduğu görülmektedir.China and India are two of the fastest growing and the most competitive economies in the world and have recently been mentioned very often on a global scale. Growth and export performance of Turkey has also attracted much attention and an analysis on the relative competitiveness of these three countries has become a major area of research lately. This study separately examines sectoral competitiveness of the three countries in raw material-intensive goods, labourintensive goods, capital- intensive goods, easily imitable-research oriented goods and difficultly imitable research-oriented goods during the 1990-2009 period. We employ the revealed comparative advantage indices, the export specialization indices and the comparative export performance indices as a measure of competitiveness. Our results suggest that the competitiveness of the three countries in question mainly depends on the labour-intensive goods expectedly; however, particularly the capital-intensive goods have become more important for India in recent years. Besides, it appears that Turkey has a disadvantage especially in labour intensive and easily imitable-research oriented goods over China. Turkey also seems to have a disadvantage in raw material-intensive goods and easily imitableresearch oriented goods over India though Turkey has a better export performance in capital-intensive goods.China and India are two of the fastest growing and the most competitive economies in the world and have recently been mentioned very often on a global scale. Growth and export performance of Turkey has also attracted much attention and an analysis on the relative competitiveness of these three countries has become a major area of research lately. This study separately examines sectoral competitiveness of the three countries in raw material-intensive goods, labourintensive goods, capital- intensive goods, easily imitable-research oriented goods and difficultly imitable research-oriented goods during the 1990-2009 period. We employ the revealed comparative advantage indices, the export specialization indices and the comparative export performance indices as a measure of competitiveness. Our results suggest that the competitiveness of the three countries in question mainly depends on the labour-intensive goods expectedly; however, particularly the capital-intensive goods have become more important for India in recent years. Besides, it appears that Turkey has a disadvantage especially in labour intensive and easily imitable-research oriented goods over China. Turkey also seems to have a disadvantage in raw material-intensive goods and easily imitableresearch oriented goods over India though Turkey has a better export performance in capital-intensive goods.