Bal arısı ırklarının çeşitliliğinin korunması, kolonilerin yönetimi ve genetik yapılarının istenen yönde geliştirilmesi üzerine model oluşturulması
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Date
2008
Authors
Oskay, Devrim
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Koloni yönetimi ve genetik geliştirme (ıslah) çalışmaları arıcılığın önemli konularındandır. Genetik geliştirme yöntemleri kullanılarak bal arılarının ekonomik açıdan önemli olan genetik özellikleri geliştirilebilir. Bu konu özellikle kendi yerli ırklarına sahip olan ülkelerin gen kaynaklarını koruyup geliştirmeleri için çok önemlidir. Avrupa ve Amerika ülkelerinde kışı iyi geçiren, Avrupa, Amerikan yavru çürüklüğü, kireç, nosema hastalığına, Varroa zararlısına dayanıklı yüksek bal verimli ve oğul verme eğilimi düşük olan ırklar ve hatlar oluşturulmuştur. Bu genetik geliştirme kriterlerinin oluşturulmasında koloni yönetiminin, ana arı yetiştirme ve yapay tohumlama tekniklerinin kullanımı arıcılık sektöründe genetik geliştirme programlarının başarıya ulaşmasında en etkili yollar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu yazımda ülkemizde yaşayan arı ırklarımızın korunmasının önemi, arıcılık işletmelerinde uygulanan koloni yönetim sistemleri, kapalı toplum genetik geliştirme programı, bu programında kullanılan genetik geliştirme kriterlerinin kolonilerde hangi tekniklerle sınandığı ve bütün bunları bir araya getirerek oluşturulan arıcılık modeli sunulacaktır.
Colony management and stock improvement are very important issues of beekeeping. We can improve important economic genetic characters of honey bees by using breeding techniques. This subject is especially important for the countries that have their own honey bee subspecies for keeping their genetic resources and stock improvement. Programs for honey bee breeding in other countries such as United States of America and members of the European Union have targeted resistance to American and European foul brood, chalk brood, Nosema diseases, Varroa, tracheal mite, and increase in high honey production, decrease in swarm tendency in bee stocks and lines. Colony management, queen bee rearing and instrumental insemination techniques are the core tools for genetic improvement in beekeeping sector. Turkey has a special position in the world because of colony numbers and honey bee genetic diversity. Turkey has over 4 million colonies, making it the second country with the highest number of colonies in the world. Diverse and differentially adapted honey bee genetic sources in Turkey has been of interest for scientists and beekeepers from other countries. A famous example is the use of Apis mellifera bees from Sinop province by Brother Adam in production of the commercial line of bees known as Buckfast. Brother Adam, in his book of 1987 recognizes this bee as Anatolian bee (Apis mellifera anatolica) and tells to be better in many characteristics than other bees. However, Anatolian bee is only one of at least 5 subspecies present in Turkey, each with particular habits that are important for local adaptation. In this article I discuss importance of protecting diversity of native honey bee subspecies, colony management system and closed population breeding techniques. Lastly a model (See Figure 1) is proposed where an expert team provides the link between a conservation population for a local race (Yerli Irk I in Figure 1) and a closed breeding population of the same race (Yerli Irk II in Figure 1). The conservation population is maintained with the aim of preserving the genetic diversity and traits of the particular race or subspecies. The breeding population is maintained with the aim of producing breeder queen bees with improved commercial traits for the benefit of the beekeepers.
Colony management and stock improvement are very important issues of beekeeping. We can improve important economic genetic characters of honey bees by using breeding techniques. This subject is especially important for the countries that have their own honey bee subspecies for keeping their genetic resources and stock improvement. Programs for honey bee breeding in other countries such as United States of America and members of the European Union have targeted resistance to American and European foul brood, chalk brood, Nosema diseases, Varroa, tracheal mite, and increase in high honey production, decrease in swarm tendency in bee stocks and lines. Colony management, queen bee rearing and instrumental insemination techniques are the core tools for genetic improvement in beekeeping sector. Turkey has a special position in the world because of colony numbers and honey bee genetic diversity. Turkey has over 4 million colonies, making it the second country with the highest number of colonies in the world. Diverse and differentially adapted honey bee genetic sources in Turkey has been of interest for scientists and beekeepers from other countries. A famous example is the use of Apis mellifera bees from Sinop province by Brother Adam in production of the commercial line of bees known as Buckfast. Brother Adam, in his book of 1987 recognizes this bee as Anatolian bee (Apis mellifera anatolica) and tells to be better in many characteristics than other bees. However, Anatolian bee is only one of at least 5 subspecies present in Turkey, each with particular habits that are important for local adaptation. In this article I discuss importance of protecting diversity of native honey bee subspecies, colony management system and closed population breeding techniques. Lastly a model (See Figure 1) is proposed where an expert team provides the link between a conservation population for a local race (Yerli Irk I in Figure 1) and a closed breeding population of the same race (Yerli Irk II in Figure 1). The conservation population is maintained with the aim of preserving the genetic diversity and traits of the particular race or subspecies. The breeding population is maintained with the aim of producing breeder queen bees with improved commercial traits for the benefit of the beekeepers.
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Keywords
Bal arısı, Genetik, Islah, Koloni yönetimi, Yapay tohumlama, Kapalı toplum genetik geliştirme programı, Honey bees, Genetic, Breeding, Colony management, İnstrumental insemination, Closed population breeding program
Citation
Oskay, D. (2008). "Bal arısı ırklarının çeşitliliğinin korunması, kolonilerin yönetimi ve genetik yapılarının istenen yönde geliştirilmesi üzerine model oluşturulması". Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 8(2), 63-72.