Aka Gündüz’ün kaleminden fuhuşa sürüklenen kadınlar
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Date
2015-06-01
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Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Fuhuş batağına düşen ya da düşmek üzere olan kadına el uzatıp onu kurtarmak gerektiğini edebiyatımızda ilk defa Ahmet Midhat Efendi Mihnetkeşan ve Henüz On Yedi Yaşında adlı romanlarında ele almıştır. Bu meseleyi işleyen ilk çarpıcı örnekler arasında Abdülhak Hamid Tarhan’a ait olan Bir Sefilenin Hasbıhali, Tevfik Fikret’in “Nesrin” adlı manzum hikâyesi ve Halit Ziya’nın Sefile adlı romanı yer alır. Bu yazarlarla birlikte edebiyatımızda, toplumun ön yargı ile yaklaşıp dışladığı, ahlâkî açıdan yargıladığı, bu yargılamanın sonucunda da genellikle mahkûm ettiği düşmüş kadına farklı bir gözle bakılmaya başlanır. Acıma duygusu ön plana geçer. Mutlak kurallara bağlı ahlâk anlayışının dışına çıkılır, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’ın ifadesiyle “insanî ahlâk” harekete geçer. Bu kadınları düşüren sebepler üzerinde düşünmek, bu sebepleri ortadan kaldırmak, onların dertlerini paylaşmak ve düşmek üzere ya da düşmüş kadını topluma kazandırmak gerektiği mesajı ile konu farklı bir bakış açısından edebiyata yansımaya başlar. Gerek Batı edebiyatının gerekse yazarların kendi hayat tecrübelerinin etkisiyle düşmüş kadına acıma Türk edebiyatına yeni bir tem olarak girer. Bu tem Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Edebiyatı’nda sosyal bir duyarlılığa dönüşür. Fuhuş batağı içine saplanmış kadının iç dünyası, çevresi ile ilişkisi, kötü yola düşmede ailevi ve sosyal sebepler, bu durumun birey ve toplum üzerinde etkisi ve çıkış yolları Türk yazarlarının işlediği konulardan biri haline gelir. Yazarlarımız içinde bu sosyal yarayı en geniş şekilde ele alan Aka Gündüzdür. Aka Gündüz Türkiye’de sosyoloji araştırmalarının sınırlı olduğu bir dönemde meseleyi sosyal boyutu ile ele almış, nedenler ve sonuçları roman vasıtası ile yansıtmış ve yine roman çerçevesi içinde çözüme yönelik öneriler getirmiştir. Aka Gündüz’ün romanlarında fuhşa sürüklenen kadınlar dikkat çekici yoğunluktadır. Bu kadınların büyük kısmı, yaşadıkları devre göre eğitimlidirler, saygın ailelere mensupturlar. Ancak çeşitli sebeplerle ailelerinden uzaklaşmıştırlar. Hayat tecrübeleri hiç yoktur. Saflıklarının ve tecrübesizliklerinin kurbanı olurlar. Kimi tecavüze uğrar; kimi evlenme vaadi ile kandırılır; kimi bir aile bireyinin, kimi dost zannedip en fazla güvendiği kişinin ihanetine uğrar; kimi kadın tacirlerinin tuzağına düşer… Düşme sebepleri farklıdır ama bu kadınların hepsi aile korumasından, özellikle öz anne ilgi ve korumasından mahrumdurlar. Hepsi toplum tarafından dışlanmıştır. Tek başınadırlar. Sokakta, barda, randevuevinde veya ahlâkî açıdan yozlaşmış salonlarda sömürülürler. Hakaret ve şiddet görürler. Katlanmak zorunda bırakıldıkları sefil hayat içinde yüreklerindeki temizliği korurlar. Bu kadınları görülen manzaraya göre değerlendirmemek gerektiğine inanan yazar özellikle düşme sebepleri üzerinde durur. Onlara elbette acımak lâzım geldiğini ancak kucak açmanın tek gerekçesinin acıma duygusu olmaması gerektiğini, böyle bir yaklaşımın gurur kırıcı olduğunu ifade eder. Aka Gündüz’ün asıl istediği, kurtarmaya yönelik çözüm yolları bulmaktır. Romanlarında yer yer cumhuriyetin temel prensiplerini içine sindirmiş ve sosyal duyarlılığı olan kahramanların bireysel çabaları ile tehlikede olan kadınların bazılarını kurtarır. Ancak aile dışındaki bireylerden gelen çabaların yetersiz olduğunu bilen yazar, önce aile himayesini şart koşar. Aile himayesinin olmadığı yerde devlet himayesinin zorunlu olduğunu anlatmaya çalışır. Fuhuşla mücadelede okuyucuyu ikaz etmenin yanı sıra konuya yetkililerin dikkatini çekmek ister. Türkiye’de ilk kez roman sınırları içinde kadın sığınma evlerinin gerekliliği üzerinde durur ve bugünkü işleyişinden çok farklı bir kadın sığınma evi projesi sunar.
The necessity of coming to the aid of and saving the woman who has fallen or is about to fall in the trap of prostitution was first dealt with in our literature in the novels by Ahmet Midhat Efendi entitled Mihnetkeşan and Henüz On Yedi Yaşında. Among the first impressive examples treating this issue are included “Bir Sefilenin Hasbıhali” belonging to Abdulhak Hamid Tarhan, the story by Tevfik Fikret written in verse and entitled “Nesrin” and Halit Ziya’s novel entitled Sefile. Thanks to these authors, the society, approaching with prejudice and excluding, judging morally, and generally condemning as a result of this judgment, has started to view the fallen woman differently. The feeling of compassion for these women becomes a matter of primary importance. People come out of the moral understanding based on absolute rules, and with the words by Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, “humane morals” begin to act. Through thinking over reasons why those women have fallen, removing those reasons, sharing their problems and the message of the necessity of reintegrating the woman, who is about to fall or has fallen, the issue starts to be reflected into literature from a different point of view. Under the effects of both the Western literature and authors’ own life experiences, the feeling of compassion for the fallen woman enters the Turkish literature as a new theme. This theme turns into a social awareness in the Republican Period Turkish Literature. The inner world of the woman who has fallen in the trap of prostitution, her relationship with her surrounding, familial and social reasons for becoming a prostitute, the effect of this situation on the individual and the society and solutions become one of the themes which Turkish writers discuss. Among our writers, it is Aka Gündüz who deals with this social trauma in the broadest sense. Aka Gündüz dealt with the issue together with its social dimension in a period when sociolgy studies were limited in Turkey, reflected causes and effects through the novel and again proposed solutions within the frame of the novel. In Aka Gündüz’s novels, women who are driven to prostitution are strikingly many in number. Great majority of these women are educated compared to period in which they live and members of respected families. However, for various reasons, they have grown distant from their families. They have no life experiences. They become victims of their innocence and lack of experience. Some are raped; some are deceived with a promise of marriage; some are betrayed by a family member, some by a most confident friend; some fall in the trap of pimps… Reasons for falling are different, but all of those women are deprived of family protection, particularly the care and protection of their own mothers. All of them are excluded from the society. They are alone. They are exploited in the street, bar, brothel or saloons which have become morally decadent. They are insulted and exposed to violence. They maintain the purity in their hearts in the miserable life which they are obliged to bear. The writer believing that those women should not be evaluated according to appearance dwells especially upon reasons for falling. He expresses that it is certainly necessary to feel compassion for them, but the only reason for taking them in should not be the feeling of compassion and such an approach is pride-hurting. Aka Gündüz’s actual desire is to find out solutions towards saving them. In his novels, from time to time, with individual efforts of heroes having internalized the fundamental principles of the republic and having social awareness, he saves some of the women who are in danger. However, the writer, knowing that efforts of individuals other than family members fall short of helping those women, lays family protection down as a first condition. He tries to convince people of the fact that where there is no family protection, government protection is a necessity. Besides warning the reader about fighting against prostitution, he desires to call authorities’ attention to the issue. For the first time in Turkey, he dwells upon the necessity of women’s shelters within the boundaries of the novel and he presents a women’s shelter project whose function is very different from that of today’s women’s shelters.
The necessity of coming to the aid of and saving the woman who has fallen or is about to fall in the trap of prostitution was first dealt with in our literature in the novels by Ahmet Midhat Efendi entitled Mihnetkeşan and Henüz On Yedi Yaşında. Among the first impressive examples treating this issue are included “Bir Sefilenin Hasbıhali” belonging to Abdulhak Hamid Tarhan, the story by Tevfik Fikret written in verse and entitled “Nesrin” and Halit Ziya’s novel entitled Sefile. Thanks to these authors, the society, approaching with prejudice and excluding, judging morally, and generally condemning as a result of this judgment, has started to view the fallen woman differently. The feeling of compassion for these women becomes a matter of primary importance. People come out of the moral understanding based on absolute rules, and with the words by Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, “humane morals” begin to act. Through thinking over reasons why those women have fallen, removing those reasons, sharing their problems and the message of the necessity of reintegrating the woman, who is about to fall or has fallen, the issue starts to be reflected into literature from a different point of view. Under the effects of both the Western literature and authors’ own life experiences, the feeling of compassion for the fallen woman enters the Turkish literature as a new theme. This theme turns into a social awareness in the Republican Period Turkish Literature. The inner world of the woman who has fallen in the trap of prostitution, her relationship with her surrounding, familial and social reasons for becoming a prostitute, the effect of this situation on the individual and the society and solutions become one of the themes which Turkish writers discuss. Among our writers, it is Aka Gündüz who deals with this social trauma in the broadest sense. Aka Gündüz dealt with the issue together with its social dimension in a period when sociolgy studies were limited in Turkey, reflected causes and effects through the novel and again proposed solutions within the frame of the novel. In Aka Gündüz’s novels, women who are driven to prostitution are strikingly many in number. Great majority of these women are educated compared to period in which they live and members of respected families. However, for various reasons, they have grown distant from their families. They have no life experiences. They become victims of their innocence and lack of experience. Some are raped; some are deceived with a promise of marriage; some are betrayed by a family member, some by a most confident friend; some fall in the trap of pimps… Reasons for falling are different, but all of those women are deprived of family protection, particularly the care and protection of their own mothers. All of them are excluded from the society. They are alone. They are exploited in the street, bar, brothel or saloons which have become morally decadent. They are insulted and exposed to violence. They maintain the purity in their hearts in the miserable life which they are obliged to bear. The writer believing that those women should not be evaluated according to appearance dwells especially upon reasons for falling. He expresses that it is certainly necessary to feel compassion for them, but the only reason for taking them in should not be the feeling of compassion and such an approach is pride-hurting. Aka Gündüz’s actual desire is to find out solutions towards saving them. In his novels, from time to time, with individual efforts of heroes having internalized the fundamental principles of the republic and having social awareness, he saves some of the women who are in danger. However, the writer, knowing that efforts of individuals other than family members fall short of helping those women, lays family protection down as a first condition. He tries to convince people of the fact that where there is no family protection, government protection is a necessity. Besides warning the reader about fighting against prostitution, he desires to call authorities’ attention to the issue. For the first time in Turkey, he dwells upon the necessity of women’s shelters within the boundaries of the novel and he presents a women’s shelter project whose function is very different from that of today’s women’s shelters.
Description
Keywords
Edebiyat, Düşmüş kadın, Aka Gündüz, Acıma, İnsanî ahlâk, Kadın sığınma evi, Literature, Women driven to prostitution, Compassion, Humane morals, Women’s shelters
Citation
Uğurlu, A.S. (2015). “Aka Gündüz’ün kaleminden fuhuşa sürüklenen kadınlar”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(28), 11-30.