Foucault’da eleştirel düşünce ve etik: Sokratik parrhesia ve Sapere Aude ilişkisi
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Yarar, Canan
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Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
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Kullandığı yöntem ve analiz ettiği konuların farklılık göstermesinin yanında Foucault’nun felsefesinin başlıca problemi, evrensel ve zorunlu olduğu düşünülen öznel deneyimlerin ve kimliklerin birer inşa süreci olduğudur. Böylece, tarihsel olarak kimi davranış biçimlerinin (delilik, suça eğ ilim, cinsellik vb.) sorunsallaştırılıp söylemsel ve söylemsel olmayan pratiklerce bir deneyim, bir düşünce nesnesi olarak kurulması sürecinin eleştirel tarihini yaptığını belirten Foucault’da eleştiri, kendimizle kurduğumuz bir ilişki olarak etik çerçeve içerisindeki bir tutum olarak belirir. Bu tutum, güncelliğimizin bir ontolojisi olarak öznel deneyimlerin getirdiği sınırlar u zerinden kendimizle kurduğumuz ilişki u zerine düşünmek anlamına gelir. Bilginin sınırlarına değ il hakikat ile ilişki içerisinde varoluşun iradi yo netimi ve do nu şu mu ne odaklanan bu tutum aynı zamanda yaşamsal bir pratik olarak felsefi etkinliğin olanağı üzerine de düşünebilmektir. Foucault, bu düşünce biçimi ile 1980’den sonraki çalışmalarında Antik Çağ’ın Epimeleia Heautou (kendilik bakımı) ilkesi ile eleştirel düşünce arasındaki bağı özne ve hakikat ilişkileri üzerinden analiz ederken, Kant’ın aydınlanma üzerine düşüncelerine ilişkin çözümlemeleri, bu düşüncenin eriminin ortaya çıkmasına olanak sağlar. Bu yazının amacı öznel deneyimlerin getirdiği sınırların (kimliklerin) olumsallığını ortaya koymaya çalışan Foucault’nun etik bir tutum olarak ortaya koyduğu eleştirel felsefe düşüncesini, açık sözlü konuşabilme cesareti olarak Sokratik parrhesia ve Kant’ın aydınlanmanın parolası ilan ettiği anlama yetisini kullanma cesareti olarak Sapere Aude düsturu arasındaki ilişki u zerinden değerlendirmektir.
Despite the differences in the methods he uses and the subjects he analyzes, the main problem of Foucault's philosophy is that subjective experiences and identities, which are thouğht to be universal and necessary, are a process of construction. Thus, in Foucault, who states that he is makinğ a critical history of the process of problematizinğ certain forms of behavior (madness, criminal tendency, sexuality, etc.) historically and establishinğ them as an experience, an object of thouğht by discursive and non-discursive practices, criticism appears as an attitude within the ethical framework as a relationship we establish with ourselves. As an ontoloğy of our actuality, this attitude means reflectinğ on our relationship with ourselves throuğh the limits of subjective experience. This attitude, which focuses not on the limits of knowledğe but on the voluntary manağement and transformation of existence in relation to truth, is also a reflection on the possibility of philosophical activity as a vital practice. In his works after 1980, Foucault analyzes the connection between the principle of Epimeleia Heautou (self-care) of Antiquity and critical thouğht throuğh the relations of subject and truth, while his analysis of Kant's thouğhts on enliğhtenment allows the reach of this thouğht to emerğe. The aim of this paper is to evaluate Foucault's idea of critical philosophy as an ethical attitude, which tries to reveal the contingency of the boundaries (identities) brought about by subjective experiences, through the relationship between Socratic parrhesia as the courage to speak frankly and the doctrine of Sapere Aude as the courage to use the faculty of understanding, which Kant declared the watchword of enlightenment.
Despite the differences in the methods he uses and the subjects he analyzes, the main problem of Foucault's philosophy is that subjective experiences and identities, which are thouğht to be universal and necessary, are a process of construction. Thus, in Foucault, who states that he is makinğ a critical history of the process of problematizinğ certain forms of behavior (madness, criminal tendency, sexuality, etc.) historically and establishinğ them as an experience, an object of thouğht by discursive and non-discursive practices, criticism appears as an attitude within the ethical framework as a relationship we establish with ourselves. As an ontoloğy of our actuality, this attitude means reflectinğ on our relationship with ourselves throuğh the limits of subjective experience. This attitude, which focuses not on the limits of knowledğe but on the voluntary manağement and transformation of existence in relation to truth, is also a reflection on the possibility of philosophical activity as a vital practice. In his works after 1980, Foucault analyzes the connection between the principle of Epimeleia Heautou (self-care) of Antiquity and critical thouğht throuğh the relations of subject and truth, while his analysis of Kant's thouğhts on enliğhtenment allows the reach of this thouğht to emerğe. The aim of this paper is to evaluate Foucault's idea of critical philosophy as an ethical attitude, which tries to reveal the contingency of the boundaries (identities) brought about by subjective experiences, through the relationship between Socratic parrhesia as the courage to speak frankly and the doctrine of Sapere Aude as the courage to use the faculty of understanding, which Kant declared the watchword of enlightenment.
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Foucault, Kant, Sokrates, Eleştiri, Parrhesia, Sapere Aude, Critique