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1-MCP, low O2 and high CO2 reduce disorders and extend vase life of "Rosalin" gerberas during storage
(Taylor and Francis, 2013-03) Akbudak, Bülent; Murat, Şenay; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü.; 56253171700; 55484924000
The hormone ethylene performs an important function in the processes related to the senescence of cut flowers, and, in particular, anti-ethylene treatments are recommended to extend the vase life of orchids. Among the treatments currently used for such postharvest treatment, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is an efficient inhibitor of the autocatalytic production of ethylene. Although postharvest 1-MCP treatment is used to counter ethylene activity and delay senescence in fresh produce, its potential application in cut flowers has not been adequately tested. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 1-MCP treatment with modified atmosphere packaging on the shelf life of cut Rosalin gerberas. To this end, gerberas harvested at commercial maturity were divided into two groups: 1-MCP treatment (625 ppb at 4 +/- 1 degrees C for 4 hours) and no treatment. Both groups of flowers were stored under normal and modified atmosphere conditions at 4 +/- 1 degrees C and 80 +/- 5% relative humidity. The flowers were covered with materials of different characteristics for the modified atmosphere. To determine the differences between the treatments, quality parameters were examined in the flowers at 7-day intervals during the storage. The 1-MCP treatment with both the normal and modified atmosphere significantly reduced the overall postharvest loss in quality. The best results for the quality characteristics determined were obtained from the 1-MCP and 30 mu m polyvinylchloride combined treatment. These results indicate that 1-MCP and a modified atmosphere treatment are good methods for extending the vase life, maintaining the visual quality, and reducing the loss of quality of gerberas.
15 and 30 w holmium: Yag laser lithotriptor in ureteroscopic lithotripsy: Which one is more effective and safe?
(Mary Ann Liebert, 2021-05-05) Kaygısız, Onur; Aydın, Yavuz Mert; Çicek, Mehmet Çağatay; Çelen, Sinan; Coşkun, Burhan; Kılıçarslan, Hakan; Kaygısız, Onur; KAYGISIZ, ONUR; Aydın, Yavuz Mert; AYDIN, YAVUZ MERT; Çicek, Mehmet Çağatay; ÇİÇEK, MEHMET ÇAĞATAY; Coşkun, Burhan; COŞKUN, BURHAN; Kılıçarslan, Hakan; KILIÇARSLAN, HAKAN; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Üroloji Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-9790-7295; 0000-0002-6287-6767; 0000-0002-0471-5404; 0000-0002-8242-9921; JCO-5169-2023; AFP-3055-2022; L-9439-2019
Background: Holmium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy with ureteroscopy (URS) was a safe and successful treatment option for pediatric ureteral stones. We aimed to comparatively evaluate the outcomes of 15 and 30 W Ho:YAG laser lithotriptors in pediatric ureter stones.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 55 children who underwent ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy to treat ureter stone size up to 15 mm between September 2009 and March 2020. Groups were formed according to the laser lithotriptor power 15 W (Group 15: n = 32), 30 W (Group 30: n = 23). The efficiency of laser lithotriptors was compared between the groups.Results: The age, gender, and stone characteristics (longest stone diameter, density, location and multiple stones) were similar between the groups. In the postop first month, stone-free status was achieved in all cases except one child in Group 15. The median operative time was significantly shorter in Group 30 (40 minutes) than in Group 15 (52.5 minutes) (P = .010). Clavien-Dindo class (CDC) 2 complications occurred in 2 children in both groups (P = .597). Although ureteric stenosis was observed in 1 patient in Group 15, no ureteric stenosis was seen in Group 30 during follow-up (median 16.1 months). Length of hospital stay (LoHS) and stone-free rates were similar between groups.Conclusion: URS with 15 and 30 W Ho:YAG laser lithotriptors is an effective treatment option for pediatric ureteral stones with a high success rate and low complication rates. In brief, 30 W Ho:YAG laser lithotriptors should be preferred over 15 W lithotriptors due to their shorter operative time with similar success rate.
195 hand injuries in 12 days: The outcomes of the feast of sacrifice
(Iranian Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Assoc, 2016-05-01) Akın, Selçuk; AKIN, SELÇUK; Ersen, Burak; Saki, Mehmet Can; Tunali, Orhan; Köse, Mehmet; Aksu, Ismail; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi.; 0000-0002-3003-918X; AAH-5064-2021
19F dynamic nuclear polarization and sem in suspensions consisting of fluorobenzene derivatives and asphaltene extracted from mc-800 liquid asphalt
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2013-01-10) Kırımlı, Handan Engin; Ovalioǧlu, Hüseyin; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi/Fizik Bölümü.; AAI-6732-2021; 24460574700; 24460278400
A variety of analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy and F-19 dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) methods, are applied to characterize asphaltene extracted from MC-800 liquid asphalt in fluorobenzene derivatives at 1.53mT and at room temperature. Different solvents show variable affinities for the asphaltene surface. The low field EPR spectrum of the asphaltene/hexafluorobenzene sample was recorded. The DNP parameters were determined. Additionally, the interactions between the nuclei of the solvent and the electrons delocalized on the asphaltene are interpreted. Not only dipolar but also scalar interactions between the nuclear spin and the electron spin were found.
19th century Greek churches of Mudanya
(Ege Univ, 2019-10-01) Aydın, Ersin; Özügül, Ayşin; ÖZÜGÜL, AYŞİN; 0000-0001-6463-2080; AAH-6690-2021
Until 1924, the majority of the population of Mudanya, one of the towns that Ottomans first conquered in Bithynia (1321), was composed of Greeks. The existence of many Greek churches in Mudanya is known both from written sources and from surviving buildings. Two of the ten churches rebuilt are used as cultural centers. The walls of the three churches whose roofs have been destroyed are about to collapse. Only one of the other five churches has extant with a height of about one meter. In the Ottoman period, except for the exceptions, the new church was not built until the 19th century, the churches belonging to the Byzantine and pre 19th-century Ottoman periods were repaired to and used with the permission of the sultan. Owing to the reform brought by the Edicts of Tanzimat (1839) and Islahat (1856), the foundations of small-size churches that were demolished were rebuilt on a larger scale. In the Ottoman archives, the documents related to these churches include the reasons for reconstruction, their size, the cost of construction and how this cost will be met, as well as the community population that will use the church, as well as the ground floor plan and front view drawings of some churches. All of the Greek churches in Mudanya have basilica plan, door and window openings with round arches, as well as columns, arches and inner roofs of the naos, have been constructed of wood. The facade arrangement and decorations of the church buildings in Mudanya which have close similarities with the contemporary Greek churches of Bursa and Istanbul, are in eclectic style.
(1R*,4S*,10S*)-2,2,10-tribromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-ethanonaphthalene
(Munksgaard Int Publ Ltd, 1987-08-15) Balcı, Metin; Harmandar, Mansur; Ergin, Ö.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Necatibey Eğitim Bilimleri.
The dibromocyclohexane fragment of the molecule has a boat conformation. The bridge gives slightly distorted boat conformations with the two parts of dibromocyclohexane. Br(2) and Br(3) are arranged with respect to the ring. The distortions of the boat conformations are due to the repulsive interaction of Br atoms.
1st and 2nd law characteristics in a micropipe: Integrated effects of surface roughness, heat flux and reynolds number
(Taylor&Francis, 2009) Özalp, A. Alper; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü.; 0000-0002-4976-9027; ABI-6888-2020; 6506131689
A computational study of the integrated effects of surface roughness, heat flux, and Reynolds number on the 1st and 2nd law characteristics of laminar-transitional flow in a micropipe is presented. Analyses are carried by solving the variable fluid property continuity, Navier-Stokes, and energy equations for the surface roughness, heat flux, and Reynolds number ranges of 1-50 m, 5-100 W/m2, and 1-2000, respectively. Computations put forward that surface roughness not only accelerates transition to lower Reynolds number but also augments heat transfer rates, such that the transitional Reynolds numbers and intermittency values are evaluated as 1650, 575, and 450 and 0.132, 0.117, and 0.136 for the surface roughness cases of 1, 20, and 50 m, respectively. Thermocritical Reynolds numbers are identified by determining the viscous dissipation rates, which characterize the heating/cooling behavior and the related Reynolds number range. Surface roughness comes out to have no role on entropy generation at low Reynolds numbers; moreover, entropy generation is found to be inversely proportional with mean temperature variation, where the trends become almost asymptotic at the lower limit of the investigated Reynolds number range. Being independent of surface roughness, heat flux, and Reynolds number, radial irreversibility distribution ratio is determined to be negligible at the pipe centerline, indicating that the frictional entropy is minor and the major portion of the total entropy generation is thermal based.
A (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton equation: Solutions and conservation laws
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science, 2017-12-13) Yıldırım, Yakup; Yaşar, Emrullah; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi/Matematik Bölümü.; 0000-0003-4732-5753; 0000-0003-4443-3337; AAG-9947-2021; HTO-9875-2023; 56988856400; 23471031300
In this paper, we consider a (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton equation which describe the (2+1)dimensional interaction of the Riemann wave propagating along the y-axis with a long wave along the x-axis. By the Lie group analysis, the Lie point symmetry generators and symmetry reductions were deduced. From the viewpoint of exact solutions, we have performed two distinct methods to the equation for getting some exact solutions. Kudryashov's simplest methods and ansatz method with the assistance of Maple were carried out. The local conservation laws are also constructed by multiplier/homotopy methods. Finally, the graphical simulations of the exact solutions are depicted.
(2,2 '-bipyridine)saccharinatosilver(I)
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2007-12) Hamamcı, Sevim; Harrison, William T.A.; Yılmaz, Veysel Turan; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi/Kimya Bölümü.; 0000-0002-2849-3332; L-7238-2018; 7006269202
The title complex, [Ag(C7H4NO3S)(C10H8N2)], has a mononuclear structure in which the Ag-I ion is coordinated by two N atoms from 2,2 '-bipyridine and one N atom from saccharinate, forming a distorted T-shaped (or trigonal-planar) AgN3 arrangement. The bite angle of bpy is 71.69 (6)degrees, which contributes significantly to the distortion of the coordination geometry. Molecules are connected by C-H center dot center dot center dot O and pi(bpy)-pi(bpy) interactions with a centroid-centroid separation of 3.6741 (13) angstrom.
2-(Naphthalen-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazoline-2-carbaldehy de oxime and Co(III) and Ni(II) complexes of tridentate ligand containing oxime, imine and amine donor groups: Syntheses, characterisation and thermal properties
(Slovensko Kemijsko Drustvo, 2012) Sırıkçı, Gökhan; İrez, Gazi; Gençkal, Hasene Mutlu; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi/Kimya Bölümü.; 0000-0002-0026-7755; 0000-0003-3690-7002; AAH-2888-2021
A novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazoline oxime was synthesised from a condensation reaction of 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxoacetaldehyde oxime with 2-aminobenzylamine. Subsequently, alpha-imine oxime complexes of this compound that formed with Co(III) and Ni(II) metal ions were obtained. All structures were characterised by spectral methods (FT-IR, NMR, AAS, mass), elemental analysis, thermal analyses, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductivity. The analyses confirmed the following molecular formulae: [Co(L)(2)]Cl center dot C-2 H5OH center dot 0,5H(2)O and [Ni(HL)(2)]Cl-2. The Co(III) complex is diamagnetic. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed octahedral geometry for the Co(III) and Ni(II) complexes. In the complexes, the chloride ion was found to be noncoordinated to the metal ions as confirmed by conductivity measurements. The NMR spectra of the Co(III) complex confirmed the presence ofethanol in the Co(III) complex. The experimental results of TG-DTA showed that the Co(III) complex contained ethanol and crystal water in the first two stages. The end of the thermal decomposition of the complexes yielded a final product of a metal oxide.
2017 update of the Turkish League Against Rheumatism (TLAR) evidence-based recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis
(Springer, 2018-08) Altan, Lale; Özçakır, Şüheda; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Fiziksel Tıp Rehabilitasyon Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0003-0851-3620; AAH-1652-2021; AAH-5375-2021; 6603281363; 15757855500
In a Turkish League Against Rheumatism (TLAR) project, evidence-based recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA) was developed for the first time in our country in 2012 (TLAR-2012). In accordance with developing medical knowledge and scientific evidence, recommendations were updated. The committee was composed of 22 physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists (4 have rheumatology subspeciality also) and an orthopaedic surgeon. Systematic literature search were applied on Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and Turkish Medical Index for the dates between January the 1st 2012 and January the 29th of 2015. The articles were assessed for quality and classified according to hierarchy for the level of evidence, and the selected ones sent to committee members electronically. They were asked to develop new recommendations. In the meeting in 2015, the format of the recommendations was decided to be patient-based and considering the grade and the severity of the disease. By the discussion of the each item under the light of new evidences, the final recommendations were developed. Each item was voted electronically on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) and the strength of recommendation (SoR) was calculated. In the light of evidences, totally 11 titles of recommendations were developed; the first 7 were applicable to each patient in every stages of the disease, remaining were for defined specific clinical situations. The mean SoR value of the recommendations was between 7.44 and 9.93. TLAR-2012 recommendations were updated in a new format. We think that, present recommendations will be beneficial for the physicians who manage, as well as the patients who suffer from the disease.
25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in non-small cell lung cancer patients
(Wiley, 2018-12-01) Sahintürk, Serdar; Sahintürk, Kadriye; ŞAHİNTÜRK, SERDAR; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi/Fizik Bölümü; 0000-0002-7612-0055; ACQ-9887-2022
2D finite-element analysis of interlaminar flux density distribution at joints of zip-type unicore
(Elsevier, 2006-09) Moses, Anthony; Erdem, Sezer; Derebaşı, Naim; Uludağ Üniversitesi.; 0000-0003-2546-0022; AAI-2254-2021; AAI-1248-2021; 13805689400; 11540936300
Normal flux distribution along the rolling directions at joints of overlapped stacked electrical laminations is investigated to set up a flux distribution similar to that in the zip-type unicore. A 2D model of a C-core and three layers of overlapped laminations with joints with similar characterisitics to a zip-type unicore were formed and an FE analysis was carried out to solve the problem using a static magnetic analysis and unidirectional vector potential formulation. The results show that when the reluctance changes in the closed magnetic paths causes the flux deviates towards shorter magnetic paths moving to adjacent layers increasing the magnetic flux density. This redistribution causes the flux to transfer easier at joints in the unicore compared to other jointed cores.
2D holodirected lead(II) bromide coordination polymers constructed of rigid and flexible ligands
(Elsevier Science, 2009-04-01) Aslani, Alireza; Morsali, Ali; Büyükgüngör, Orhan; Yılmaz, Veysel Turan; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi/Kimya Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-2849-3332; L-7238-2018; 7006269202
Three new 2D Pb-II coordination polymers containing 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bipy), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpa) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl) ethene (bpe) with bromide anions, [Pb(mu-4,4'-bipy)(mu-Br)(2)](n) (1), [Pb(mu-bpa)(mu-Br)(2)](n) (2) and [Pb(mu-bpe)(mu-Br)(2)](n) ( 3) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and their structures studied by X-ray crystallography. The thermal stability of compounds 1-3 was studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses ( DTA). The single-crystal X-ray data shows that the Pb2+-ions have coordination numbers of six and contain the rarely holodirected geometries.
2D Magnetic texture analysis of Co-Cu films
(Walter de Gruyter Gmbh, 2017-05-01) Bayırlı, Mehmet; Karaağaç, Öznur; Koçkar, Hakan; Alper, Mursel; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi/Fizik Bölümü.; AAG-8795-2021; 7005719283
The magnetic textures for the produced magnetic materials are important concepts in accordance with technical applications. Therefore, the aim of this article is to determine 2D magnetic textures of electrodeposited Co-Cu films by the measurement of hysteresis loops at the incremented angles. For that, Co-Cu films were deposited with different Co2+ in the electrolyte. In addition, the easy-axis orientation in the films from the squareness values of the angles, M-p(beta) obtained by the hysteresis loops have been numerically studied using the Fourier series analysis. The differences observed in the magnetic easy-axis distributions were attributed to changes of the incorporation of Co2+ in the films with the change of Co2+ in the electrolyte. The coefficients of Fourier series (A(0) and A(2n)) were also computed for 2D films. It is seen that a systematic and small decrease in A(0) and an obvious decrease in A(2n) (n = 1) were observed with increasing incorporated Co in the films. Results imply that interactions cause slightly demagnetization effect accordance with higher incorporation of Co in the films. Furthermore, the crystal structure of the Co-Cu films analysed by X-ray diffraction revealed that the films have dominantly face-centred cubic structure. Film contents analysed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and film morphologies observed by scanning electron microscope also support the magnetic texture analysis results found by numerical computation.
2nd dorsal metacarpal artery neurovascular island flap: clinical applications
(Springer Verlag, 1995) Karacalar, A.; Özcan, Murat; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Plastik ve Rekonstrüktif Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı.
This paper reports the clinical use of the sec ond dorsal metacarpal artery island flap in a series of 12 cases and discusses the results. In two cases, a double flap based on the second dorsal metacarpal artery from the dorsal skin of the second and third fingers without using the second web was raised as a modification of the dorsal flap.
3,4-Diaminopyridine and choline increase in vivo acetylcholine release in rat striatum
(Elsevier Science BV, 1995-04-13) Büyükuysal, R. Levent; Ulus, İsmail Hakkı; Sami, Aydın; Kiran, Burhan K.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Farmakoloji Anabilim Dalı.; D-5340-2015; AAH-1657-2021
We investigated the effects of choline, 3,4-diaminopyridine and their combination on acetylcholine release from the corpus striatum of freely moving rats which were treated or not with atropine. Intraperitoneal administration of choline or intrastriatal administration of 3,4-diaminopyridine increased acetylcholine levels in striatal dialysates in a dose-dependent manner. When 3,4-diaminopyridine treatment was combined with choline, the observed effect was considerably greater than the sum of the increases produced by choline or 3,4-diaminopyridine alone. Administration of atropine (1 mu M) in the dialysing medium was also found to be effective to stimulate striatal acetylcholine levels. 3,4-Diaminopyridine did not affect acetylcholine levels under these conditions. Whereas the choline-induced increase in acetylcholine release was significantly potentiated by atropine, co-administration of 3,4-diaminopyridine with choline failed to produce a further significant increase in the presence of atropine. These results suggest that a highly effective means for increasing acetylcholine release involves two concurrent treatments that increase neuronal choline levels and inhibition of the negative feedback modulation of acetylcholine release.
(3-aminopyridine-kappa N-1)(saccharinato-kappa N)silver(I)
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2007-12) Hamamcı, Sevim; Kazak, Canan; Yılmaz, Veysel Turan; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi/Kimya Bölümü.; 0000-0002-2849-3332; L-7238-2018; 7006269202
The Ag-I atom in the title complex, [Ag(C7H4NO3S)(C5H6N2)], adopts an almost linear AgN2 geometry with a saccharinate anion and a 3-aminopyridine ligand. Discrete molecules are linked by N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
A 4 year retrospective analysis of our patients with mushroom poisoning
(Sage, 2013-03) Köksal, Özlem; Armaǧan, Erol; İnal, Taylan; Ayyıldız, Talat; Öner, Nuran; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Acil Tıp Anabilim Dalı.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Gastroenteroloji Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0003-2271-5659; AAH-8846-2021; AAK-8332-2020; 23389880200; 6506464232; 55695563500; 6603155277; 55695552500
Objective: This study presented the demographic, clinical and laboratory data for the patients who presented to our emergency department (ED) with mushroom poisoning. Methods: We retrospectively examined the data for adult patients with mushroom poisoning that presented to the ED of Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2010. Results: A total of 53 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 46.58 +/- 15.47. 52.8% of the patients were female, while 47.2% were male. These patients were typically admitted in the autumn. The most commonly seen symptoms were gastrointestinal such as nausea and vomiting. The time to symptom onset was <6 hours for 30.2% of the patients and >6 hours in 69.8% of the patients. While 73.5% of the patients received gastric lavage, activated charcoal and intravenous fluid therapy, 15.1% received penicillin, N-acetylcysteine and intravenous fluid therapy. For the remaining patients (11.4%) silibinin, dialysis and plasmapheresis were administered. While 35.8% of the patients were hospitalised, 64.2% were discharged from the ED. The median duration of stay in the ED was 6 hours (range: 1-27 hours); the median duration of stay among inpatients was 6 days (range: 1-36 days). Three of the hospitalised patients died, and two underwent hepatic transplantation. Conclusions: Mushroom poisoning remains an important issue that is encountered in rural areas during the rainy autumn season in our region. The condition may be fatal, but can be prevented by early and appropriate treatment.
4-(N-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide can selectively induce apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma cells but not in normal dermal fibroblasts
(Taylor & Francis, 2001) Wood, E. J.; Ulukaya, Engin; Kurt, Ayberk; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı.; K-5792-2018; 6602927353; 36615287100
The retinoid 4-(N-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR, fenretinide) has both growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects on a number of cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo and has been entered into a number of oncological trials. However, little is known about its mechanism(s) of action or its effects on normal cells such as fibroblasts. In this study, the effects of fenretinide on both epidermoid carcinoma cells of vulva (cell line A431) and normal human dermal fibroblasts, both as monolayers and also grown in 3D cell culture systems, have been investigated. The 3D cell culture system contained normal human fibroblasts embedded in a type I collagen gel with the carcinoma cells seeded on top of the collagen gel, which mimics the epidermoid carcinoma. Fenretinide significantly inhibited the rate of DNA synthesis of carcinoma cells, while there was little effect on fibroblasts on monolayers, at 10(-6)-10(-5) M, which are clinically attainable does. Fenretinide at 5 x 10(-6) M induced apoptosis characterised by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation and/or fragmentation, and cell detachment in carcinoma cells, but not fibroblasts from monolayers. Fenretinide also reduced the viability of carcinoma cells in the 3D cell culture system without affecting fibroblasts. These data show that fenretinide may preferentially induce apoptosis in epidermoid carcinoma cells.

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