Browsing by Author "Kamalak, Adem"
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Item Comparison of in vitro gas production technique with in situ nylon bag technique to estimate dry matter degradation(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2005-02) Kamalak, Adem; Canbolat, Önder; Gürbüz, Yavuz; Özay, Özkan; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvancılık Bölümü.; 7004338636; 7004052027; 6506803261Dry matter (DM) degradation of wheat straw (WS), barley straw (BS), lucerne hay (LH) and maize silage (MS) was determined using two different techniques: (i) in vitro gas production and (ii) nylon bag degradability technique. In vitro gas production and in situ DM disappearance were measured after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation. In situ and in vitro DM degradation kinetics was described using the equation y = a + b (1 - e(ct)). In all incubations there were significant (P < 0.001) correlations between gas production and in situ DM disappearance or estimated parameters ((a + b)(gas) and (a + b)(is) or (a + b)(gas) and EDMDis) whereas there were no significant (P > 0.05) correlations between c(gas) and c(is) or b(gas) and b(is). Gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) alone explained 98.3 % of the variation of EDMD. The inclusion of gas production from the quickly soluble fraction (a) and rate constant (c) of gas production in the regression equation improved the accuracy of EDMD prediction. The correlations between the results of both methodologies seem to be, sufficiently strong to predict degradability parameters from gas production parameters. It was concluded that the in vitro gas production technique has good potentiality to predict in situ DM disappearance and some DM degradation parameters.Item Determination of nutritive value of citrus tree leaves for sheep using in vitro gas production technique(Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Society, 2006-06-29) Özkan, Çağrı O.; Kamalak, Adem; Karabulut, Ali Nedim; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvan Bilimleri Bölümü.; F-4308-2010; 7005308670; 7004338636The nutritive values of leaves of Citrus grandis, Citrus aurantium, Citrus oranges, Citrus limon, and Citrus deliciosa were evaluated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production techniques. There were significant (p < 0.001) differences among citrus species in terms of chemical composition. Crude protein (CP) contents ranged from 123.0 to 148.3 g/kg DM. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were varied with species in the range 219.4-355.4 and 215.0-278.8 g/kg DM respectively. Condensed tannin (CT) contents were ranged from 5.9 to 10.2 g/kg DM. The PEG addition significantly (p < 0.001) increased the gas production and some estimated parameters of citrus tree leaves. However, species showed variable responses to polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. There were also significant (p < 0.001) differences among species in terms of gas production and estimated parameters. The OMD and ME contents of citrus leaves without PEG supplementation were ranged from 66.5 to 73.3% and 9.8 to 10.9 MJ/kg DM respectively. The improvement in gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) with PEG emphasized the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. The increase (%) in the estimated OMD and ME contents ranged from 5.5 to 9.8% and 5.7 to 10.2% respectively. All citrus tree leaves studied in this experiment have potential nutritive values indicated by high crude protein content, OMD, ME and low fiber values.Item Determination of nutritive value of wild narrow-leaved clover (Trifolium angustifolium) hay harvested at three maturity stages using chemical composition and in vitro gas production(Tropical Grassland SOC AUST, 2010) Kamalak, Adem; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Zootekni Bölümü.; 7004338636The aim of this study was to determine the potential nutritive value of a wild narrow-leaved clover (Trifolium angustifolium) hay harvested at 3 maturity stages (pre-flowering, flowering and seeding) in terms of chemical composition and in vitro gas production. In vitro gas production of Trifolium angustifolium hay was determined at incubation times of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and the gas production kinetics were described using the equation y = a + b (1-e(-ct)). Maturity had a significant effect on both chemical composition and in vitro gas production kinetics. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre and condensed tannin (CT) concentrations increased with maturity, while crude protein (CP) concentration decreased from 16.9% pre-flowering to 13.2% at seeding. The condensed tannin concentration of Trifolium angustifolium hay ranged from 2.16 to 3.71%. Estimated gas production decreased with increasing maturity of Trifolium angustifolium hay. ME, OMD, a+b, a and CP concentration were negatively correlated with NDF, ADF and CT. It appears that wild Trifolium angustifolium, harvested even at the seeding stage, offers considerable potential as medium quality forage for ruminant animals during the winter period.Item Determination of potential nutritive value of young, old and senescent leaves of Arbutus andrachne tree(Taylor & Francis, 2010-06) Kamalak, Adem; Atalay, Ali İhsan; Kaplan, Mahmut; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Zootekni Bölümü.; 7004338636Determination of potential nutritive value of young, old and senescent leaves of Arbutus andrachne tree. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 37: 257-260. Potential nutritive value of young, old and senescent leaves of Arbutus andrachne tree was measured using chemical composition and in vitro gas production technique. Maturity had a significantly adverse effect on the chemical composition and in vitro gas production kinetics. Although crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber contents decreased, condensed tannin (CT) and ash contents increased with maturity. The organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolisable energy (ME) ranged from 59.34 to 65.47 % and 8.84 to 9.76 MJ/kg DM, respectively. It is concluded that young and old leaves of Arbutus andrachne tree could be considered a moderate quality forage for sheep and goats. However, senescent leaves are only low quality forage.Item Effect of cultivar and formaldehyde treatment of barley grain on rumen fermentation characteristics using in vitro gas production(South African Journal of Animal Sciences, 2005) Çölkesen, Mustafa; Kamalak, Adem; Gürbüz, Yavuz; Özkan, Çaǧrı Özgür; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvan Besleme Bölümü.; 7004338636The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cultivar and formaldehyde treatment of barley grains on rumen fermentation characteristics using the in vitro gas production technique. Amount of gas produced (mL/g organic matter (OM)) during fermentation was determined after 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation in buffered rumen fluid. The gas production kinetics were described using the equation: y = A {1 - exp [- b (t-T) - c ( root t - root T)]} where b and c are the initial gas production rate constant (h(-1)) and later gas production rate constant (h(-1/2)), respectively. Cultivar and formaldehyde treatment had significant effects on gas production kinetics. Total gas production (A) ranged from 389.9 to 410.8 (mL/g OM) with the cultivar, Esterel, producing the largest volume of gas of the cultivars. Due to low gas production rates at 3, 6 and 12 h of incubation the cultivars, Viva and Cecilia, took the longest to produce 50% of their total volume of gas. Formaldehyde treatment reduced the rate (mu) of gas production at 3, 6 and 12 h of incubation, and the total volume of gas (A), but increased the time (h) to produce 50% of A and reduced the time (h) to produce 95% of A. The reduction in gas production ranged from 33.3 to 51 mL/g OM with 6 h incubation showing the highest decrease in gas production. It is concluded that formaldehyde treatment may provide an opportunity to manipulate the site of digestion of barley grain in the digestive tract of ruminants. Through the selection of suitable cultivars and through formaldehyde treatment the nutritional and health problems associated with the fermentation of barley grain in the rumen could be reduced.Publication Effect of garlic oil on lamb fattening performance, rumen fermentation and blood parameters(Mattioli, 2021-03-01) Canbolat, Önder; Kamalak, Adem; Kalkan, Hatice; Kara, Hüseyin; Filya, İsmail; CANBOLAT, ÖNDER; FİLYA, İSMAİL; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Zootekni Bölümü.; CJR-8926-2022; CQT-8475-2022The objective of this study was to determine the effects of garlic essential oil (GEO) on performance, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters of Kivircik lambs. Forty-eight 2.5-3 month old Kivircik male lambs were allocated into four treatment groups. Diets were supplemented with GEO at the 0.0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg DM. The growth trial lasted for 63 days. The supplementation of GEO significantly decreased the total weight gain (TWG) and average daily weight gain (ADWG), whereas it has no effect on the final body weight (FBW) daily feed intake (DFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The supplementation of GEO to the lamb diets had also a significant impact on rumen fermentation and blood parameters. The addition of GEO to the lamb diets increased non-esterified fatty acid production while supplementation significantly reduced the levels of glucose, urea, protein, triglyceride, insulin and cholesterol. It can be said that the decrease of glucose, urea, triglyceride, insulin and cholesterol is important in terms of animal health when the blood parameters are taken into consideration. As conclusion, GEO supplementation up to 0.8 g/kg DM can be recommended for growing lambs to manipulate rumen and blood parameters without compromising important growth parameters.Item Effect of heat treatment on in situ rumen degradability and in vitro gas production of full-fat soyabeans and soyabean meal(South African Journal of Animal Sciences, 2005) Kamalak, Adem; Efe, Ercan; Şahin, Mustafa; Özkan, Çaǧrı Özgür; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvan Bilimleri Bölümü.; 7004338636The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the heat treatment of full-fat soyabean (FFSB) and solvent extracted soyabean meal (SBM) on the in situ dry matter (DM) and protein degradability, and in vitro gas production kinetics of the protein sources. Ruminal disappearance of DM and crude protein (CP), and in vitro gas production were determined after 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h incubation using the in situ ruminal degradation and in vitro gas production techniques, respectively. In situ DM and CP disappearances were fitted to the exponential equation p = a + b (1-e(-ct)), where a is the rapid degradable fraction and b is the slow degradable fraction. In vitro gas production data were fitted to the equation, y = A {1 - exp [- b (t-T) - c ( root t - root T)]}. Where b and c are the initial gas production rate constant (h(-1)) and later gas production rate constant (h(-1/2)), respectively. The two protein sources were heat treated both with steam pressure in an autoclave at 120 degrees C and in an oven at 150 degrees C for 20 min. Heat treatment had a significant effect on effective DM degradability (EDMD), effective CP degradability (ECPD) and in vitro gas production. Although the heat treatments reduced the EDMD, ECPD and the amount of gas produced, the results were inconsistent between protein sources. The heat treatments applied in the autoclave and the oven reduced the ECPD0.02 of FFSB by 12.5% and 10.9%, respectively. On the other hand, heat treatment applied through the autoclave decreased the ECPD0.02 of SBM by 13.9%, but by 18.7% when heat was applied through the oven. Heat treatment of SBM using the oven seemed to be more effective than using autoclaving. Heat treatments in the autoclave and oven reduced the total gas production from FFSB by 7.25 and 7.32%, respectively, and from SBM by 12.69 and 7.91%, respectively. It was concluded that heat treatment is an effective method of altering the rumen degradation characteristics of DM and CP in SBM and FFSB. Both methods could be used to increase the proportion of the rumen non-degradable protein fraction in protein sources which would then reach the small intestines unaffected by ruminal fermentation.Item Effect of maturity stage on chemical composition, in vitro and in situ dry matter degradation of tumbleweed hay (Gundelia tournefortii L.)(Elsevier Science BV, 2005-05) Kamalak, Adem; Gürbüz, Yavuz; Erol, Adem; Özay, Osman; Canbolat, Önder; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvan Besleme Bölümü.The nutritive values of tumbleweed (Gundelia tournefortii L.) hays harvested at three stages were evaluated by chemical composition, in vitro (gas production) and in situ dry matter degradation methods. Gas production or dry matter (DM) degradation were calculated at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and their kinetics were described using the equation p = a + b (1 - e(ct)). Maturity had a significant effect on both the chemical composition and degradability of tumbleweed hay. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and ether extract (EE) increased with increasing maturity whereas the crude protein (CP) and ash content decreased. The gas produced after 96 h incubation ranged between 66.33 and 76.67 ml per 0.200 g of dry matter. The gas production (ml) at all incubation times and estimated parameters decreased with increasing maturity of tumbleweed hay. The gas production at all incubation times and estimated parameters (c, a, organic dry matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME)) were negatively correlated with NDF and ADF. The DM disappearance after 96 h incubation ranged between 56.19 and 72.77%. The in situ DM disappearance at all incubation times and estimated parameters decreased with increasing maturity of tumbleweed hay. The in situ dry matter disappearance at all incubation times and estimated parameters (c, a, b and effective dry matter degradability (P)) were negatively correlated with NDF, ADF and EE but positively correlated with CP and ash content. There were significant correlations between in vitro gas production and in situ DM disappearance at all incubation times. The nutritive value of tumbleweeds continually changed as it matures. Tumbleweeds, harvested at the proper stage of maturity offers considerable potential as a high quality forage for ruminant during winter feeding period. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item Effect of oregano oil on in vitro gas production, digestibility and metabolisable energy of some feedstuffs(Taylor & Francis, 2011) Temizkan, İ.; Kamalak, Adem; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı.; 7004338636The aim of this study was to determine the effect of essential oil of oregano (Origanum vulgare) on in vitro gas production, metabolisable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD), volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, true dry matter digestibility (TDMD) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (NDFD) of alfalfa hay, maize silage and barley grain. The gas production from slowly fermentable fraction (b), VFA, ME, OMD, TDMD and NDFD decreased with increasing level of oregano oil. It is concluded that oregano oil inclusion inhibited overall fermentation process.Item The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) supplementation on in vitro gas production kinetics of leaves from tannin containing trees(South African Journal of Animal Sciences, 2005) Kamalak, Adem; Şahin, Mustafa; Gürbüz, Yavuz; Özköse, Emin; Özkan, Çağrı Özgür; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvancılık Bölümü.; 7004338636The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) during in vitro incubation on gas production kinetics, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and the metabolisable energy (ME) content of foliage from the tannin containing tree species, Pistica lentiscus, Arbutus andrachne and Juniperus communis. The amount of gas produced when the foliage was incubated with buffered rumen fluid, was determined after 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation in the presence of PEG at inclusions rates of 15, 30, 60 and 90 mg and in the absence of PEG. Their kinetics were described using the equation p = a + b (1-e(-et)). Addition of PEG resulted in an increased gas production at almost all incubation times in all tree species. However species showed variable responses. After 3 h of incubation the PEG addition showed no significant effect on gas production when the foliage from A. andrachne was incubated, but had a significant effect on gas production as duration of incubation extended. The increase in gas production in response to increased levels of PEG inclusion was linear for P. lentiscus and J. communis. However, when the PEG inclusion rates exceeded 60 mg there was no significant increase in gas production when A. andrachne was incubated. The estimated parameters such as gas production rate(c) and gas production (a) from the immediately soluble fraction were not affected by the level PEG treatment, except that PEG addition at 90 mg had a significant effect on the gas production (a) from immediately soluble fraction of leaves of J communis. Gas production (b) from the insoluble fraction (mL) and potential gas production (a+b), OMD and ME of tree leaves increased significantly with increasing levels of PEG addition. However, when PEG inclusion exceeded 60 mg these parameters showed no significant increase when leaves from A. andrachne were incubated. Although the mean increase in OMD per mg PEG supplementation was 0.131 digestibility units, the increase in ME per mg PEG supplementation was 0.0201 ME units. The elevated levels of gas produced, and increased OMD and ME estimates with the inclusion of PEG demonstrated the negative effect of tannins in foliage on digestibility.Item Effect of thymol on in vitro gas production, digestibility and metabolizable energy content of alfalfa hay(Kafkas Universitesi, 2011) Kamalak, Adem; Atalay, Ali İhsan; Özkan, Çağrı Özgür; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı.; 7004338636The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion of essential oil thymol on the incubation on gas production kinetics, volatile fatty acids (VFA), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of alfalfa hay. Gas productions were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h incubation times. Thymol were added in the ratio of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L. Gas production kinetics were determined using the equation Y = A (1-exp-ct). The thymol addition had a significant effect on the gas production kinetics, OMD and ME of alfalfa hay. Thymol at 200 mg/L resulted in 22.77% of decrease in potential gas production (A). The mean decrease in potential gas production per mg thymol supplementation was 0.0836 ml. The mean decreases in ME and OMD per mg thymol supplementation were 0.0132 (ME unit) and 0.086 (digestibility unit) respectively. The mean decreases in truly digestible dry matter (TDDM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFD) per mg thymol supplementation were 0.0546 and 0.0748 digestibility units respectively (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). As a conclusion, thymol exhibit significant anti-microbial activity causing an inhibition of the overall fermentation process.Item Effects of NaOH treatment on condensed tannin contents and gas production kinetics of tree leaves(Elsevier, 2007-10-22) Özkan, Çağrı Özgür; Kamalak, Adem; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Hayvan Besleme Anabilim Dalı.; 7004338636Effects of NaOH treatment on the crude protein (CP), condensed tannin (CT) and in vitro gas production kinetics of leaves of Arbutus andrachne, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and wheat straw were determined. Wheat straw, which is tannin-free, was used as the standard. The NaOH treatment was completed by pulverization of samples with 0, 20,40,60 and 80 g/L of NaOH solution in the proportion of I L of solution to I kg of sample. Gas production was determined at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. NaOH treatment linearly decreased (P<0.001) the CT contents of leaves of Arbutus andrachne and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. whereas NaOH treatment had no effect on the CP contents of Arbutus andrachne, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and wheat straw. The 80 g/L NaOH treatment reduced the CT content of leaves of Arbutus andrachne and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. by 59.6% and 86.7%, respectively. NaOH treatment linearly decreased (P<0.01) gas production rate of Arbutus andrachne although it linearly increased (P<0.01) gasproduction rate of wheat straw. In contrast, NaOH treatment had no effect on gas production rate of leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. NaOH treatment linearly decreased (P<0.001) potential gas production of leaves of Arbutus andrachne and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. whereas NaOH treatment linearly increased (P<0.001) potential gas production of wheat straw. Treatment with NaOH can be used to improve the nutritive value of tannin-free forages such as straw, but not for tanning-containing leaves.Item The effects of urea supplementation on pomegranate pulp (Punica granatum L.) silage fermentation, aerobic stability and in vitro gas production(Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2014) Kamalak, Adem; Canbolat, Önder; Kara, H. Hüseyin; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Veteriner Fakültesi/Zootekni Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0002-0135-3460; AHA-0062-2022; 7004338636; 55771785300The aim of current experiment was to determine the effects of urea supplementation as nitrogen source on the fermentation, aerobic stability, in vitro gas production, microbiological characteristics of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) pulp silages in laboratory conditions. Urea was applied at 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% levels to pomegranate pulp, and pomegranate pulp chopped to about 1.5-2.0 cm length. The supplementation of urea significantly increased the crude protein (CP), but neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) with water soluble content (WSC) decreased with increasing level of urea (P<0.01). The supplementation of urea decreased the acetic acid and butyric acid whereas the supplementation of urea increased the pH, lactic acid, propionic acid and ammonia-N (NH3-N) content of pomegranate pulp silage (P<0.01). The supplementation of urea significantly (P<0.01) increased the in vitro gas production, digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and lactic acid bacteria whereas yeast and mould decreased. On the other hand the supplementation of urea improved the aerobic stability of pomegranate pulp silage decreasing the CO2 production. As a conclusion the urea can be used as a silage additive in the level of 1.5 and 2.0 % when pomegranate pulp is ensiled.Item Estimation of partial gas production times of some feedstuffs used in ruminant nutrition(Kafkas Üniversitesi, 2011) Şahin, Mustafa; Üçkardeş, Fatih; Kamalak, Adem; Atalay, Ali İhsan; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvan Bilimleri Bölümü.; 7004338636The aim of this study was to determine the gas production kinetics of wheat straw, alfalfa hay and barley grain and estimate t25, t50, t75 and t95 using Y = A(1-exp(-ct)) exponential model. Gas productions were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h incubation times. At all incubation times gas production of barley grain was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. The in vitro gas production rate (c) and total gas production (A) of barley grain was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. Time to produce 25, 50, 75 and 95% of total gas production (t25, t50, t75 and t95) of barley grain also were significantly (P < 0.01) lower than those of wheat straw and alfalfa hay. As a result, in addition to the "c" and "A", using Y = A(1-expct) exponential model the estimation of t25, t50, t75 and t95 will provide more useful data to compare feedstuffs in terms of in vitro fermentation studies.Item Farklı ekim yoğunluğunun koçansız şeker mısırı silajlarının besleme değeri, silaj kalite özellikleri ve besin madde verimi üzerine etkisi(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2015-12-22) Kamalak, Adem; Canbolat, Önder; Karasu, Abdullah; Bayram, Gamze; Filya, İsmail; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Zootekni Bölümü.; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü.Bu araştırma, farklı ekim yoğunluğunda (5000, 6500, 8000 ve 9500 bitki/dekar) ekilen ve koçanları alındıktan sonra silolanan koçansız şeker mısırının (KŞMS)’nın (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.) besin maddeleri bileşimi, silaj fermantasyon ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri ile in vitro gaz üretimi ve dekara besin madde verimi üzerine etkilerinin saptanması amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada kullanılan şeker mısırlar silolanmadan önce yaklaşık 1.5-2.0 cm boyutunda doğranmış ve silolanmıştır. Silaj örnekleri 90 günde açılmıştır. Şeker mısır silajı ekim yoğunluğu ham protein (HP),nötral deterjan fiber (NDF), asit deterjan fiber (ADF) ve suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat (SÇK) düzeyini etkilemiş (P<0.01), diğer besin maddelerini ise etkilememiştir (P>0.05). Ekim yoğunluğu silajların, laktik asit (LA), asetik asit (AA), propiyonik asit (PA)ve etanol (EOL) üretimi ile laktik asit bakterisi (LAB) üretimini de etkilemiştir (P<0.01). Ekim yoğunluğu silajların in vitro gaz üretimi, sindirilebilir organik madde (SOM), metabolize edilebilir enerji (ME) düzeyini etkilemiştir (P<0.01). Diğer yandan ekim yoğunluğu, kuru ot verimi (KOV), ham protein verimi (HPV), sindirilebilir organik madde verimi (SOMV) ve metabolik enerji veriminde (MEV) önemli düzeyde etkilemiştir (P<0.01). Araştırma sonucunda, 8000 ve 9500 bitki/dekar ekim yoğunluğunda ekilen KŞMS’nın daha yüksek besleme değeri ve silaj kalitesi ile besin madde verimi elde edilebileceği saptanmıştır.Item In situ ruminal dry matter and crude protein degradability of plant- and animal-derived protein sources in Southern Turkey(Elsevier, 2005-05) Kamalak, Adem; Gürbüz, Yavuz; Ozay, Özkan; Canbolat, Önder; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvan Besleme Bölümü.; 7004338636Twelve plant- and animal-derived protein sources (fish meal, meat meal, meat and blood meal, blood meal, poultry by-products meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, corn germ meal, rapeseed meal and hazelnut meal) were evaluated in terms of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation in situ in the rumen of sheep. There were significant differences between protein sources in terms of DM and CP disappearance and degradability. Effective degradabilities of DM of soybean meal at three outflow rates were significantly higher than those of the other protein sources except corn germ meal, rapeseed meal and hazelnut meal, whereas effective degradabilities of CP of soybean meal at three outflow rates were significantly higher than those of all the other protein sources. Animal-derived protein sources such as meat and bone meal, blood meal, poultry by-products and fish meal had significantly lower effective DM and CP degradability values than those of soybean, corn germ meal, rapeseed meal and hazelnut meal. Therefore, animal-derived protein sources with a low degradability can be used to increase the bypass protein. The CP degradation parameters obtained in this experiment using sheep would be very useful in improving the accuracy of formulation of sheep diets.Item Kuzu besi rasyonlarına ilave edilen canlı mayanın besi performansı ile bazı rumen sıvısı ve kan parametreleri üzerine etkisi(Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2015-06-20) Kamalak, Adem; Canbolat, Önder; Kara, Hüseyin; Filya, İsmail; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Zootekni Bölümü.Bu çalışma kuzu besi rasyonlarına ilave edilen canlı maya (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) kültürü (CMK)’nün kuzu besi performansı, bazı rumen sıvısı ve kan metabolitleri üzerine olan etkilerinin araştırılması amacıyla düzenlenmiştir. Araştırmada 3 aylık yaşta 40 baş Kıvırcık ırkı erkek kuzu kullanılmış ve hayvanlar her biri 10 baş erkek kuzudan oluşan 1 kontrol, 3 deneme olmak üzere 4 grup düzenlenmiştir. Kuzu besi rasyonlarına sırasıyla 0 (kontrol), 1, 2 ve 4 kg/ton KM düzeyinde canlı maya kültürü (CMK) ilave edilmiştir. Deneme 63 gün sürmüştür. Araştırma süresince günlük ortalama canlı ağırlık artışı kontrol (1), 2. 3. ve 4. deneme gruplarında sırasıyla 275.55, 291.11, 329.52 ve 290.95 g, her kg canlı ağırlık artışı için tüketilen yem miktarı ise gruplarda sırasıyla 55.026, 4.816, 4.315 ve 4.801 kg olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca kuzu besi rasyonlarına CMK ilavesinin rumen sıvısı parametreleri ile kan parametrelerini olumlu yönde etkilediği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak kuzu besisinde yoğun yem karmalarına 2 kg/ton KM düzeyinde CMK katılmasının canlı ağırlık artışı, yemden yararlanma, bazı rumen sıvısı ve kan parametrelerini olumlu yönde etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.Item Nutritive valve of oak (Quercus spp.) leaves(Elsevier, 2004-06) Kamalak, Adem; Özay, Osman; Aktaş, S.; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Zootekni Bölümü.; F-4308-2010; 7004338636The nutritive values of browse leaves from five oak species, namely Quercus branti, Quercus coccifera, Quercus cercis, Quercus libari and Quercus infectaria were evaluated based on their chemical composition and gas production. Organic matter (OM) contents ranged from 929.8 to 952.1 g/kg DM; CP from 36.2 to 83.5 g/kg DM with Q. coccifera showing the lowest protein content. Crude fibre (CF) contents ranged from 305.9 to 509.2 g/kg DM. Gas production levels after 12 h for Q. branti and Q. libari were higher (P < 0.001) than for other oak species. The rank order in terms of gas production performance was as follows: Q. libari = Q. branti > Q. infecteria > Q. coccifera > Q. cercis. Strong correlation was observed between gas production and crude fibre content of oak leaves. Crude fibre and tannin contents of oak leaves negatively correlated with gas production. Oak leaves from Q. branti and Q. libari may have a high potential nutritive value for small ruminant animals in terms of rumen and whole tract digestion. The variation in gas production reported in this study could result in differential intakes of oak leaves when given as sole diets, because gas production is negatively correlated with the level of crude fibre of oak leaves.Item Prediction of dry matter intake and dry matter digestibilities of some forages using the gas production technique in sheep(TÜBİTAK, 2005) Kamalak, Adem; Gürbüz, Yavuz; Özay, Osman; Canbolat, Önder; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Ziraat Fakültesi/Hayvan Besleme Bölümü.; 7004338636Wheat straw, barley straw, alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage and maize silage were offered ad libitum to three male sheep, and daily dry matter intake (DMI) and apparent dry matter digestibility (DMD) were measured. Samples of forages were incubated with rumen fluid to determine gas production. Gas productions were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96, and gas production constants (a, b, c,) were described using the equation y = a + b (1 - e-(ct)). Gas production at all incubation times and gas production constants (c, b and a+b) were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated to DMD or DMI. Although the gas production constant c explained 74% of the variation of DMD, the gas production constant b explained 92% of the variation of DMD. The gas production constants c and (a+b) in combination explained 96% of the variation of DMD. The gas production constants b and c alone explained 70% and 78% of the variation of DMI respectively. The gas production constants in combination explained 84-90% of the variation of DMI. It was concluded that the accuracy of predicting DMD or DMI can be increased when gas production constants are used in combination, and the in vitro gas production technique has good potentiality to predict DMD and DMI.