Browsing by Author "KARPAT, FATİH"
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Publication A comparative 3d finite element computational study of stress distribution and stress transfer in small-diameter conical dental implants(Univ Osijek, Tech Fac, 2021-12-01) Doğan, Oğuz; Dhanasekaran, Lokesh; Khandaker, Morshed; Kalay, Onur Can; Karaman, Hasan; Karpat, Fatih; KARPAT, FATİH; Doğan, Oguz; DOĞAN, OĞUZ; Yuce, Celalettin; YÜCE, CELALETTİN; Karpat, Esin; KARPAT, ESİN; Dhanasekaran, Lokesh; Khandaker, Morshed; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliği.; 0000-0001-8643-6910; 0000-0001-8474-7328; 0000-0003-1387-907X; 0000-0001-5985-7402; A-5259-2018; GXH-1702-2022; AAV-7897-2020; R-3733-2017The implant design is one of the main factors in implant stability because it affects the contact area between the bone and the implant surface and the stressstrain distribution at the bone-implant interface. In this study, the effect of different groove geometries on stress-strain distributions in small-diameter conical implants is investigated using the finite element method (FEM). Four different thread models (rectangular, buttressed, reverse buttressed, and symmetrical profile) are created by changing the groove geometry on the one-piece implants, and the obtained results are compared. The stress shielding effect is investigated through the dimensionless numbers that characterize the load-sharing between the bone-implant. It is determined that the lowest stress distribution is observed with rectangular profiled groove geometry. Besides, it is obtained that the buttressed groove geometry minimizes the stress effects transmitted to the periphery of the implant. The symmetrical profiles had better performance than rectangular profiles in stress transfer.Publication A comparative experimental study on the impact strength of standard and asymmetric involute spur gears(Elsevier, 2021-01-06) Kalay, Onur Can; Doğan, Oğuz; Yılmaz, Tufan Gürkan; Yüce, Celalettin; Karpat, Fatih; Kalay, Onur Can; YILMAZ, TUFAN GÜRKAN; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü.; 0000-0001-8643-6910; 0000-0003-3772-7871; 0000-0001-8474-7328; GDQ-4936-2022; V-6153-2017; A-5259-2018Gears are one of the main components of the power transmission systems and are used in various fields. Problems caused by sudden load changes in mobile systems are frequently encountered today. Gear dynamics have become more influential due to demands of high power transmission capability, long life, and low-cost. However, inertial forces caused by accelerated movements of gear can have unpredictable results. The impact loads must be calculated correctly. It is inconvenient to determine the impact strength of gear via standard drop-weight test rig due to inhomogeneity and complex geometries. This study investigates how the tooth profile affects the impact load on the involute spur gears. For this reason, a special test setup and experimental approach was proposed to examine the influence of the asymmetric profile on the impact strength. It was observed that the peak force values increased by approximately 15.3% when using 20/30 degrees asymmetric profile gears in comparison with the 20 degrees/20 degrees standard design. This improvement can reach up to 25.8% in terms of peak force energy. The results indicate that the proposed novel test setup and the experimental method can be used for measuring the impact strength of asymmetric involute gears.Publication An investigation on the design of formate and generate face milled hypoid gears(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2020-01-01) Doğanlı, Mert; Altıntaş, Elif; Yılmaz, Tufan Gürkan; YILMAZ, TUFAN GÜRKAN; Kalay, Onur Can; Karpat, Fatih; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü.; 0000-0003-3772-7871; 0000-0001-8643-6910; 0000-0001-8474-7328; A-5259-2018Hypoid gears are transmission elements that transfer power and moment between shafts whose axes do not intersect. They are similar in structure to spiral bevel gears. However, there are many advantages compared to spiral bevel gears in terms of load carrying capacity and rigidity. Hypoid gear pairs are mostly used as powertrain on the rear axles of cars and trucks. Hypoid gears are manufactured by two essential methods called face-milling and face-hobbing, and there are mainly two relative kinematic movements (Formate (R) and Generate). In this study, the gears produced with the Face-milling method are discussed. Face milled hypoid gears can be manufactured with both Formate (R) and Generate, while pinions can only be manufactured with the Generate method. The most crucial factor that determines the performance of hypoid gears is the geometry of hypoid gears. The gear and pinion geometry is directly dependent on the tool geometry, machine parameters, and relative motion between the cradle and the workpiece. The gear geometry determines the contact shape and pressure during power transmission. In this study, the mathematical equation of the cutting tool is set. After that, using differential geometry, coordinate transformation, and the gearing theory, the mathematical equation of hypoid gear is obtained.Publication Design and analysis of internal gears with different rim thickness and shapes(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2016-01-01) Karpat, F.; Ekwaro-Osire, S.; Yılmaz, T. G.; Doğan, O.; Yüce, C.; KARPAT, FATİH; YILMAZ, TUFAN GÜRKAN; DOĞAN, OĞUZ; YÜCE, CELALETTİN; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü.; 0000-0001-8474-7328; 0000-0003-4203-8237; 0000-0003-1387-907X; GXH-1702-2022; AAV-7897-2020; V-6153-2017; R-3733-2017; A-5259-2018In recent years, thanks to their significant advantages such as compactness, large torque-to-weight ratio, large transmission ratios, reduced noise and vibrations, internal gears have been used in automotive and aerospace applications especially in planetary gear drives. Although internal gears have a number of advantages, they have not been studied sufficiently. Internal gears are manufactured by pinion type cutters which are nearly identical with pinion gear except the addendum factor which is 1.25 instead of 1. The tip geometry of a pinion type cutter which determines the fillet of internal gear tooth can be sharp or rounded. In this study, the design of internal gears were investigated by using a traditional approach. Mathematical equations of pinion type cutter were obtained by using differential geometry, then the equations of internal gear tooth were derived accurately by using coordinate transformations and relative motion between the pinion type cutter and internal gear blank. A computer program was generated to attain points of internal gear teeth and three dimensional design of complete gear. 20-20 were used as pressure angle. To find optimum internal gear geometry, different rim thicknesses and shapes are tried out for finite element analyses. There were several parameters that were shown to effect the performance of the internal gears, with tooth stiffness being the most significant parameter. Tooth stiffness was also vitally influence the dynamic analysis. In order to compute gear tooth stiffness of the internal gear with various rim thicknesses and shapes, finite element analysis was used. A static analysis was performed to assess the gear bending stress and tooth displacement. Tetrahedral element type was selected for meshing. The internal gear outer ring was fixed and the force of 2500 N was applied on the tooth. According to the displacement values from the analysis internal gear tooth stiffness were calculated individually. Additionally, the effect of root bending stress with varying rim thickness, shapes, and root radius were investigated. The bending stresses were calculated according to ISO 6336 and using finite element analysis were shown to be in good agreement. It was shown that when the rim thickness and fillet radius were increased, the maximum bending stresses decreased considerably. As rim thickness was increased, the maximum bending stress decreased nearly 23%. It was also shown that as the fillet radius decreased, the maximum bending stress increased, whereas the rim stresses slightly changed. As the fillet radius was decreased, the maximum bending stress increased nearly 10%. It was also observed that when rim thickness was increased, the stress on the rim was decreased, whereas tooth stiffness was increased. However, fillet radius had no visible effect both on rim stress and tooth stiffness. Furthermore, it was shown that the rim shape had significant effect on rim stress.Publication Effect of micro-grooving on the stress shielding of titanium: Experimental and numerical investigations(Amer, 2018-01-01) Jamadagni, Harsha G.; Karaman, Hasan; Karpat, Fatih; Williams, Wendy; Dhanasekaran, Lokesh; Khandaker, M.; ASME; Karaman, Hasan; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0001-8474-7328; A-5259-2018; HJS-9729-2023Micron sizes grooves can control the cell settlement on the implant surface or be used to direct tissue generation at the implant/bone interface. The effect of shape, size and the type of material of the microgrooves on the mechanical stimulus transfer from the implant to bone at physiological loading is not known yet. Therefore, this study evaluated both experimentally and numerically the effect of surface modification on a titanium implant to the load transfer characteristics from implant to bone for examining stress shielding parameters. This study measured the effect of micron grooves on titanium to the mechanical stability of titanium using a rabbit model. This study also developed a finite element model based on the in vivo test model to examine the stress shielding parameters. The results showed that the mean values of fracture strength were significantly higher for grooved titanium samples (1.32 +/- 0.45 MPa, n = 3) compared to control samples (without any groove) (0.22 +/- 0.16 MPa, n=6) (P < 0.05). The load-displacement graph from the pull out tension tests was used to measure the frictional coefficient between Ti and bone from the FEA model. It was found from the FEA model that the average co-efficient of friction between titanium and bone was 0.50. Maximum equivalent stress along the interface of microgrooves on titanium was higher from groove area in compare to the non-groove area because of the change of the geometry along the groove. The microgrooves in the model have a significant effect on the stress transfer parameter between implant and adjoining bone. The unequal load sharing due to micro-grooving causes an increase in stiffness of the adjacent bone to the implant.Publication Effect of the cooling process on the mechanical properties and microstructural behavior of extruded az31 and am50 mg alloys(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2021-07-01) Kurtulus, Enes; Sapmaz, Irem; Karpat, Faith; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi.; 0000-0001-8474-7328; A-5259-2018During the extrusion of magnesium alloys, temperature change could have a significant effect on the outcome. When this effect is not considered, some commonly known defects might be observed, such as hot cracking. In this study, all samples consist of extruded AZ31 and AM50 magnesium alloys as a solid profile, but the methods by which they are cooled, such as air cooling and water quenching, vary. The effects of cooling methods on tensile-compression behavior and the microstructural properties of the samples were investigated. Test samples were obtained in extrusion direction and perpendicular to the extrusion direction separately for mechanical tests. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different cooling methods on the mechanical properties and microstructural behavior of AZ31 and AM50 magnesium alloys after extrusion, once different cooling methods were applied. According to the microstructural investigation results, an AM50 magnesium alloy has a finer grain structure as compared with an AZ31 alloy according to both cooling methods in the extrusion process. The average grain size values of both alloys were found to be higher for water cooling. Cooling methods have significant effects on the tensile properties of both alloys, depending on their extrusion directions.Publication Effects of asymmetric tooth profile on single-tooth stiffness of polymer gears(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2022-04-26) Yüce, Celalettin; Doğan, Oğuz; Karpat, Fatih; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi; 0000-0001-8474-7328; A-5259-2018As a result of polymer materials development and the use of additive manufacturing technologies, gear wheels made of polymer materials are becoming widespread in many areas of the industry. In recent years, determining the dynamic behavior of polymer gears has gained significant importance because it is desired to carry more loads and operate at higher speeds. Since it is one of the most critical factors affecting dynamic behavior, tooth stiffness should also be determined. In this study, the single-tooth stiffness (STS) of polymer gears with symmetrical and asymmetrical profile was measured experimentally with a unique test setup. Force was applied to three different points on the tooth, and the resulting deflection was measured with the help of linear variable differential transformer and a high-speed camera. Using the obtained deflection values, STS of the polymer tooth was calculated depending on the pressure angle. The experimental results are also compared with the finite element model created, and it is found that the results are matched well. As a result of the study, it is determined that the drive-side pressure angle of the polymer gear increased from 20 degrees to 32 degrees, and the tooth stiffness increased by approximately 10.8%.Publication Effects of rim thickness and drive side pressure angle on gear tooth root stress and fatigue crack propagation life(Elsevier, 2021-02-12) Doğan, Oguz; Yüce, Celalettin; Karpat, Fatih; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0001-8474-7328; A-5259-2018Gears are the most significant machine elements in power transmission systems. They are used in almost every area of the industry, such as small watches to wind turbines. During the power transmission, gears are subjected to high loads, even unstable conditions, high impact force can be seen. Due to these unexpected conditions, cracks can be seen on the gear surfaces. Moreover, these cracks can propagate, and tooth or body failures can be seen. The fatigue propagation life is related to the gear tooth root stress. If the root stresses decrease, the fatigue life of the gears will increase. In this study, standard and non-standard (asymmetric) gear geometries are formed for four different rim thicknesses and four different pressure angles to examine fatigue crack prop-agation life. Moreover, the effects of the rim thickness and drive side pressure angle on the root stress are investigated. The static stress analyses are carried out to determine the starting points of the cracks, and the maximum point of the stress is defined as the starting point of the cracks. Fatigue crack propagation analyzes are performed for gears whose crack starting points are determined. The static stress analyses are conducted in ANSYS Workbench; similarly, the fatigue propagation analysis is performed in ANSYS smart crack growth. In this way, the directions of the cracks are determined for different rim thicknesses and drive side pressure angles. Besides, the number of cycles and da/dN graphs is obtained for all cases depending on crack propagation. As a result of the study, maximum stress values were decreased by 66%. The fatigue propagation life was increased approximately fifteen times by using the maximum drive side pressure angle and optimum rim thickness.Publication Evaluation of biomechanical performances of electrospun fiber anchored silicone disc as an intervertebral disc implant(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2018-01-01) Tummala, Subhakar; Doğan, Oğuz; Karpat, Fatih; Riahinezhad, Shahram; Khandaker, M.; ASME; DOĞAN, OĞUZ; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0003-4203-8237; 0000-0001-8474-7328; AAV-7897-2020; A-5259-2018; GXH-1702-2022A tissue engineered intervertebral disc (IVD) anchor the circumference and top/bottom sides of nucleus pulposus (NP) implants with annulus fibrosus and endplates. The proper anchorage of a NP implant to annulus fibrosus and endplates is possible by enclosing the NP by electrospun fiber mesh that mimics the surrounding structures. The biomechanical performance of silicone based NP can be improved if electrospun fiber mesh can secure all sides of silicone NP. However, it is unknown whether silicone surrounded by an electrospun nanofiber matrix can better restore the biomechanical functions of the disc in compare to intact, IVD made with silicone only, and, IVD made with silicone anchored all sides by nanofiber. This study compared the compressive and viscoelastic properties of a silicone and electrospun nanofiber anchored silicone discs (ENAS) under compression and shear with the same properties of human NP. This study developed a nonlinear finite element model (FEM) for the intact and ENAS implanted human lumbar vertebra segments. The compression test results show that ENAS disc compressive modulus (87.47 +/- 7.56 kPa, n = 3) is significantly higher in compare to silicone gel (38.75 +/- 2.15 kPa, n = 3) and the value is within the range of the compressive modulus of human NP (64.9 +/- 44.1 kPa). The rheological test results show that ENAS disc compressive modulus (16 similar to 40 kPa) is significantly higher in compare to silicone gel (0.10 similar to 0.16 kPa) and the value is within the range of the compressive modulus of human NP (7 similar to 20 kPa). These results confirm the suitability of ENAS disc over silicone as NP implant. A finite element model has been developed based on the ENAS properties. The FEA results showed that ENAS can restore better the biomechanical motions of a lumbar vertebra segments in compare to silicone NP.Publication Experimental investigation of the impact resistance of involute spur gears(IEEE, 2018-01-01) Doğan, Oğuz; Yüce, Celalettin; Karpat, Fatih; Kalay, Onur Can; IEEE; DOĞAN, OĞUZ; YÜCE, CELALETTİN; KARPAT, FATİH; Kalay, Onur Can; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi; 0000-0003-4203-8237; 0000-0003-1387-907X; 0000-0001-8474-7328; 0000-0001-8643-6910; A-5259-2018; GXH-1702-2022; R-3733-2017; GDQ-4936-2022Gears are the most commonly used power transmission element in today's world. Due to their advantages, gears are widely used in many sectors such as aerospace, space, wind turbines, automotive, etc. In these sectors the moment, speed and power values that need to be transmitted are increasing day by day. Due to the increased power and moment values, gears are exposed to high dynamic, impact loads and they are subject to damage due to these loads. For this reason, the impact resistance of the gears must be determined carefully in the design phase of the gear. In this study, an experimental method for determining impact loads of the gears is developed. A special drop gear impact test setup is designed and manufactured to determine the impact loads on the gear. The test setup works by dropping the load on the gear tooth from a certain height. In this way, the teeth are broken and the impact load, acceleration and displacement values are measured by using special measurement instruments which are attached on the test setup. The effect of surface hardness on impact loads is investigated. Two different gear samples are used in the experiments. It is seen that the surface hardness has great effect on the impact loads of the gears. It has been found that surface hardened gears have much higher impact strength than unhardened gears.Publication Experimental verification and finite element analysis of automotive door hinge(Amer, 2015-01-01) Doğan, S.; Güven, C.; Karpat, Fatih; Yılmaz, Tufan Gürkan; Doğan, Oğuz; ASME; KARPAT, FATİH; YILMAZ, TUFAN GÜRKAN; DOĞAN, OĞUZ; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği; 0000-0001-8474-7328; 0000-0003-3772-7871; 0000-0003-4203-8237; V-6153-2017; A-5259-2018; GXH-1702-2022; AAV-7897-2020; CTF-4189-2022; EVY-7464-2022In automotive industry, achieving lightweight, low-cost, reliable and more accurate product design are the most important goal. Using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is an important tool for achieving this since it decreases prototyping cost and time. Cars have different door system and one of the important part of them is door hinge. An automotive door hinge is mainly composed of three elements, fixed part, mobile part and hinge pin that fasten fixed part and mobile parts. Manufacturers have to perform tests and analysis for ensuring international and customer requirements.In this study, FEA results are compared with static and dynamic test results of front door hinge of automotive according to International specifications. The agreement between the computed and measured values is shown.Publication Fatigue performances of helicopter gears(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2023-01-27) Doğan, Oğuz; Yılmaz, Tufan Gürkan; YÜCE, CELALETTİN; Kalay, Onur Can; Karpat, Esin; Kopmaz, Osman; KOPMAZ, OSMAN; Karpat, Fatih; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği Bölümü.; 0000-0001-8643-6910; 0000-0003-1387-907X; 0000-0003-4203-8237; 0000-0003-3772-7871; 0000-0001-8474-7328; A-5259-2018; V-6153-2017; R-3733-2017Gears are widely used machine elements to transmit power and motion in the industry. During the power transmission, the gears are subjected to cyclic loads. Thus the fatigue resistance of the gears should be deeply investigated. In particular, this issue is gaining much more importance in the space and aviation fields. In this study, the fatigue life of gears made of 9310-VIM-VAR steel used in the aviation field was determined experimentally, and the crack propagation paths obtained were numerically verified. To this end, the SAE J1619 standard single-tooth bending fatigue test apparatus was redesigned and manufactured in order to adapt it to the helicopter gears. Totally 28 single-tooth bending fatigue tests were carried out for various loading conditions. Accordingly, the S-N curves for the helicopter gears were created. The experimental results were verified by the finite element fatigue crack propagation analysis in terms of the initial crack location, crack initialization angle, and crack propagation paths. Conducted experiments and numerical studies are found as compatible with each other.Publication Fault diagnosis with deep learning for standard and asymmetric involute spur gears(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2021-01-01) Yuce, Celalettin; Dogan, Oguz; Karpat, Fatih; Dirik, Ahmet Emir; KARPAT, FATİH; DİRİK, AHMET EMİR; Kalay, Onur Can; Korcuklu, Burak; KORCUKLU, BURAK; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi; 0000-0001-8474-7328; 0000-0002-6200-1717; 0000-0001-8643-6910; 0000-0003-1387-907X; A-5259-2018; R-3733-2017Gears are critical power transmission elements used in various industries. However, varying working speeds and sudden load changes may cause root cracks, pitting, or missing tooth failures. The asymmetric tooth profile offers higher load-carrying capacity, long life, and the ability to lessen vibration than the standard (symmefric) profile spur gears. Gearbox faults that cannot be detected early may lead the entire system to stop or serious damage to the machine. In this regard, Deep Learning (DL) algorithms have started to be utilized for gear early fault diagnosis. This study aims to determine the root crack for both symmefric and asymmefric involute spur gears with a DL-based approach. To this end, single tooth stiffness of the gears was obtained with ANSYS software for healthy and cracked gears (50-100%), and then the time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) was calculated. A six-degrees-of-freedom dynamic model was developed by deriving the equations of motion of a single-stage spur gear mechanism. The vibration responses were collected for the healthy state, 50% and 100% crack degrees for both symmefric and asymmefric tooth profiles. Furthermore, the white Gaussian noise was added to the vibration data to complicate the early crack diagnosis task. The main contribution of this paper is that it adapts the DL-based approaches used for early fault diagnosis in standard profile involute spur gears to the asymmefric tooth concept for the first time. The proposed method can eliminate the need for large amounts of training data from costly physical experiments. Therefore, maintenance strategies can be improved by early crack detection.Publication Improvement of loading capacity of internal spur gear with using asymmetric trochoid profile(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2018-01-01) Yılmaz, Tufan Gürkan; Doğan, Oğuz; Yüce, Celalettin; Karpat, Fatih; ASME; YILMAZ, TUFAN GÜRKAN; DOĞAN, OĞUZ; YÜCE, CELALETTİN; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0003-3772-7871; 0000-0003-4203-8237; 0000-0003-1387-907X; 0000-0001-8474-7328; R-3733-2017; A-5259-2018; GXH-1702-2022; V-6153-2017; AAV-7897-2020Today, with numerous advantages such as reduced sliding velocity and wear, higher transmission ratio, higher running efficiency etc., internal spur gears are used in several industrial applications. An internal gear is generated by pinion cutters towards inside of gear blank opposite of external gear. In this study, bending stress of internal spur gear with the asymmetric trochoid profile is investigated. Asymmetry is ensured by using pinion cutter has different tip radius value on its right and left side. This situation is allowed to use larger tip radius on one side. The limit value of tip radius is defined with taking into account cutter addendum height and interference possibility for the given pinion gear parameters. On the other side, asymmetry on the involute region is also examined. Firstly, a mathematical equation of pinion cutter is derived then points of internal gear are obtained by using coordinate transformation, differential geometry and gearing theory in MATLAB. Points of internal gear are exported to CATIA to realize the 3D design. Case studies are conducted for determining the relation between tip radius and pressure angle on bending stress separately with ANSYS program. According to preliminary results, using asymmetric trochoid profile reduces approximately 16% bending stress of internal spur gear.Publication Influence of heat input on mechanical properties and microstructure of laser welded dissimilar galvanized steel-aluminum joints(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2018-01-01) Yüce, Celalettin; Karpat, Fatih; Yavuz, Nurettin; ASME; YÜCE, CELALETTİN; KARPAT, FATİH; YAVUZ, NURETTİN; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0003-1387-907X; 0000-0001-8474-7328; A-5259-2018; R-3733-2017; GKI-9429-2022The hybrid structures of aluminum-steel have been increasingly used for body-in-white constructions in order to reduce weight and green gas emissions. Obtaining acceptable joints between steel and aluminum required a better understanding of welding metallurgy and their effects on the resultant mechanical properties as well as the microstructure of the joints. In this research, the fiber laser welding of zero-gap galvanized steel and aluminum alloy in an overlapped configuration was carried out. The influence of heat input on the weld bead dimension, microstructural and mechanical properties of the joints was studied. A detailed study was conducted on the effects of the heat input on the penetration depth, weld width and microstructure of the laser welded dissimilar joints by means of an optical microscopy. A scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy was carried out to determine the atomic percent of the elements for intermetallic compounds (IMC) occurred at the interface of the aluminum and steel. Microhardness measurement and tensile shear tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the galvanized steel to aluminum lap joints. The experimental results showed that the penetration depth and weld width increased with the increase of heat input level. However, in order to limit IMC layer thickness and hardness at the surface of the weld seam and aluminum alloy, iron to aluminum dilution should be restricted by limiting the penetration depth. At lower heat input levels, less brittle IMC formation was formed. Consequently, with limited penetration depths at low heat input levels, up to 520 N tensile shear load achieved, with failures located in the interface of the joints.Publication Investigation of infectious droplet dispersion in a hospital examination room cooled by split-type air conditioner(Springer, 2024-05-08) Yüce, Bahadir Erman; Kalay, Onur Can; Karpat, Fatih; Alemdar, Adem; Temel, Şehime Gülsün; Dilektaşlı, Aslı Görek; Başkan, Emel Bülbül; Özakın, Cüneyt; Coşkun, Burhan; YÜCE, BAHADIR ERMAN; Kalay, Onur Can; KARPAT, FATİH; ALEMDAR, ADEM; TEMEL, ŞEHİME GÜLSÜN; GÖREK DİLEKTAŞLI, ASLI; BÜLBÜL BAŞKAN, EMEL; ÖZAKIN, CÜNEYT; COŞKUN, BURHAN; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Yenişehir İbrahim Orhan Meslek Yüksekokulu/İklimlendirme ve Soğutma Teknolojisi Bölümü.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Tıbbi Genetik Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Histoloji ve Embriyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Göğüs Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Dermatoloji Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Üroloji Anabilim Dalı.The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has spread worldwide, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic in March 2020. The transmission mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments has begun to be investigated in all aspects. In this regard, many numerical studies on social distancing and the protection of surgical masks against infection risk have neglected the evaporation of the particles. Meanwhile, a 1.83 m (6 feet) social distancing rule has been recommended to reduce the infection risk. However, it should be noted that most of the studies were conducted in static air conditions. Air movement in indoor environments is chaotic, and it is not easy to track all droplets in a ventilated room experimentally. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) enables the tracking of all particles in a ventilated environment. This study numerically investigated the airborne transmission of infectious droplets in a hospital examination room cooled by a split-type air conditioner with the CFD method. Different inlet velocities (1, 2, 3 m/s) were considered and investigated separately. Besides, the hospital examination room is a model of one of the Bursa Uludag University Hospital examination rooms. The patient, doctor, and some furniture are modeled in the room. Particle diameters considered ranged from 2 to 2000 mu m. The evaporation of the droplets is not neglected, and the predictions of particle tracks are shown. As a result, locations with a high infection risk were identified, and the findings that could guide the design/redesign of the hospital examination rooms were evaluated.Publication Laser-induced microgrooves improve the mechanical responses of cemented implant systems(MDPI, 2020-04-27) Khandaker, Morshed; Moussa, Abdellah Ait; Sama, Desmond Nuyebga; Safavinia, Fereshteh; Hazra, Susmita; Kalay, Onur Can; Karpat, Fatih; Clary, Erik; Haleem, Amgad; Kalay, Onur Can; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü.; 0000-0001-8643-6910; 0000-0001-8474-7328; GDQ-4936-2022 ; A-5259-2018The impact of a laser-induced microgroove (LIM) architecture on mechanical responses of two cemented implant systems was evaluated. One system consisted of two aluminum alloy rods bonded end-to-end by polymethylmethacrylate cement. The second system consisted of a custom-made, aluminum tibial tray (TT) cemented in an artificial canine tibia. Control specimens for each system were polished smooth at the cement interface. For LIM samples in the rod system, microgrooves were engraved (100 mu m depth, 200 mu m width, 500 mu m spacing) on the apposing surface of one of the two rods. For TT system testing, LIM engraving (100 mu m spacing) was confined to the underside and keel of the tray. Morphological analysis of processed implant surfaces revealed success in laser microgrooving procedures. For cemented rods tested under static tension, load to failure was greater for LIM samples (279.0 +/- 14.9 N vs. 126.5 +/- 4.5 N). Neither non-grooved nor grooved TT samples failed under cyclic compression testing (100,000 cycles at 1 Hz). Compared with control specimens, LIM TT constructs exhibited higher load to failure under static compression and higher strain at the bone interface under cyclic compression. Laser-induced microgrooving has the potential to improve the performance of cemented orthopedic implants.Publication Stress analysis of additive manufactured lightweight spur gears(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2021-01-01) Ekwaro-Osire, Stephen; Yılmaz, Tufan Gürkan; YILMAZ, TUFAN GÜRKAN; Kalay, Onur Can; Karpat, Fatih; KARPAT, FATİH; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi.; 0000-0003-3772-7871; 0000-0001-8643-6910; 0000-0001-8474-7328; 0000-0002-9548-8648; V-6153-2017; A-5259-2018Additive manufacturing processes (AMP) have grown and spread in the last twenty years. Additive manufacturing methods, which were first used for plastic materials, are now increasingly finding a place in metals. With these methods, more lightweight component designs which cannot be generated with traditional methods can be manufactured. With the spreading of electric drive vehicles, weight reduction is becoming more important since weight is primarily responsible for energy consumption. There is a one-stage gear system in electric vehicles in general. For this reason, the subject of reducing the mass of gears is gaining importance. The weight reduction can be achieved with holes and slots on the gear body for involute spur gears or reducing gear web thickness. Several optimization methods can be used for this aim. Another way is to use light materials for the gear body, while steel material is used in the tooth-rim region. Carbon fiber composites are preferred for this purpose. However, using adhesives to join steel and carbon fiber reinforced plastics may cause problems in different environmental conditions. On the other side, parts are generated with single material with AMP methods. In this study, involute spur gears with different designs convenient for generation by AMP are created in a 3D CAD program. The involute tooth region is defined as design space. The effects of different designs on root stress and tooth stiffness are investigated by finite element analyses. For this purpose, the mathematical modeling of involute spur gear is set to get points of a tooth based on Litvin's approach in MATLAB. A point cloud code is obtained and imported to the 3D CAD program. After that, three teeth 3D finite element spur gear models are generated. Static analyses are conducted in ANSYS. Meshing force is implemented on the highest point single tooth contact line. Root stress value is the most important reason for tooth root fatigue, one of the most common failure modes of involute spur gears. Tooth deflection and stiffness are significant parameters for the dynamic behavior of involute spur gears. The tooth stiffness affects mesh stiffness and transmission error which are the primary source of gear whine. For these reasons, tooth root stress and tooth deflection values should be determined for different gear designs.In this study, stress analyses of additive manufactured gears are conducted with the finite element method. The effect of shell thickness, infill radius, and infill stiffener on tooth root stress and deformation is recorded. According to the results, shell thickness is the most effective parameter on the root stress and deformation. It is followed by infill orientation angle and infill radius, respectively.Publication The effect of hamatum curvature angle on carpal tunnel volumetry: A mathematical simulation model(Hindawi Ltd, 2020-03-10) Akdağ, Gökhan; Alp, Nazmi Bülent; Kaleli, Tufan; KALELİ, HÜSEYİN TUFAN; Kalay, Onur Can; Karpat, Fatih; KARPAT, FATİH; Macunluoğlu, Aslı Ceren; Oral, Gamze Saygı; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Ortopedi Anabilim Dalı.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü.; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Tıp Fakültesi/Biyoistatistik Anabilim Dalı.; 0000-0003-3656-0088; 0000-0003-1109-8958; 0000-0001-8643-6910; 0000-0001-8474-7328; 0000-0002-6802-5998; AAB-6136-2022; A-5259-2018In carpal tunnel volume measurements, the angle of the hamatum curvature is not considered a variable, and its effect on carpal tunnel volume has not been investigated. We hypothesize that a change in the anatomical angle of the hamatum curvature changes the carpal tunnel volume. To prove our hypothesis, we used a mathematical simulation model considering the carpal tunnel as a truncated cone. We reviewed the wrist CT scans of 91 adults (>18 years of age), including 51 men and 40 women. We measured the angle of the hamatum curvature in the CT scans. We measured cross-sectional areas at the outlet of the carpal tunnel at the level of the trapezium and hook of hamate (r1) and at the inlet at the level of the scaphoid and pisiform (r2) and the length (h) of the carpal tunnel. We attempted to calculate the effect of 2 degree by 2-degree changes in the angle of the hamatum curvature between the angles of 98 degrees and 140 degrees on the carpal tunnel volume. The mean angle of the hook of hamatum of the subjects was 122.55 degrees +/- 8.20 degrees (range, 97.20 degrees-139.31 degrees). No suitable cutoff point was found for the angle values. There was no difference between the gender groups according to the angle value. The data clearly show that there is a high correlation between carpal tunnel volume and the angle of hamatum curvature. The results of our study emphasize the importance of taking into account the anatomical features of the hamatum bone, especially the angle of curvature, which may play a predisposing role in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome.Publication The investigation of stress distribution on the tractor clutch finger mechanism by using finite element method(Amer Soc Mechanical Engineers, 2015-01-01) Karpat, Fatih; Doğan, Oğuz; Yüce, Cellaletin; Kaya, Necmettin; Cengiz, G.; ASME; KARPAT, FATİH; DOĞAN, OĞUZ; YÜCE, CELALETTİN; KAYA, NECMETTİN; Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü; 0000-0001-8474-7328; 0000-0003-4203-8237; 0000-0003-1387-907X; 0000-0002-8297-0777; AAV-7897-2020; R-3733-2017; GXH-1702-2022; A-5259-2018; R-4929-2018In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for tractor usage for agricultural activities in the world. Tractors are an integral part of mechanization and have a crucial role to play to enhance agricultural productivity. They are used for many kinds of farm work, under various soil and field conditions. It provides agricultural activities in challenging conditions by using several farming equipment. During the operations, tractors have to efficiently transfer power from the engine to the drive wheels and PTO through a transmission. Tractor clutch is the essential element in this system. During the torque transmission, loads which occur on the clutch components cause damages. In many cases, especially PTO clutch finger mechanism is fractured under the torque transmission.In this study, finger mechanism, which used in tractor clutch PTO disc, is investigated. Finite element analyses were performed for two different thicknesses (3.5 and 4 mm) of the finger mechanism. Stress and deformation values which occur during the transfer of power in a safe manner are investigated for these thicknesses. The finger mechanism CAD models were created using CATIA V5 and then imported into ANSYS for static finite element analyses. As a result of the analyses, approximately 13% stress decreasing was observed with the increment of the 0.5 mm for the finger thicknesses. Results from the analyses provide an accurate prediction of the material yielding and load path distribution on the PTO clutch fmaer. To verify the analyses results prototype PTO finger mechanism was manufactured and was conducted bench tests. Consequently, a good correlation was achieved between fmite element model and test results.