Hanlıklardan Cumhuriyete doğru Azerbaycan’ın kısa tarihi (1747-1920)
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Date
2018
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Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Azerbaycanlılar, Anadolu Türklerinden sonra dünyanın ikinci büyük Türk halkıdır. Azerbaycan, Türkiye ile sınır teşkil etmekle birlikte, Güney Kafkasya’da geniş bir coğrafyaya sahiptir. Bugünkü Azerbaycan coğrafyasında Manna, Atropatena, Albanya gibi eski devletler kurulmasına rağmen ülkenin jeopolitik ve stratejik durumun etkisiyle Azerbaycan tarihin belli dönemlerinde bölgelerindeki daha güçlü devletlerin veya büyük imparatorlukların yönetimi altına girmiştir. 18. yüzyıl başlarında Avrupa’da ve tüm dünyada imparatorluklar yayılmacılık politikalarını genişletmeye başladılar. Bilindiği üzere Nadir Şah’ın ölümünden sonra Azerbaycan hanlıklara bölünmüştür. 19. yüzyıldan itibaren Azerbaycan topraklarında, Çarlık Rusya’sı karşısında gücünü yitirmeye başlayan İran arasında hakimiyet mücadelesi başlamıştır. Azerbaycan’da siyasi bir birliğin olmaması Rusya’nın bölgedeki hedeflerini gerçekleştirmesini kolaylaştırmıştır. Azerbaycan Türkleri uzun yıllar Rus baskısı altında ezilerek, 1918-1920 yıllarında bağımsızlık elde etse de bu bağımsızlık kısa sürmüş, Azerbaycan tekrar Sovyet istilasına uğramıştır. Sovyet Rusya’nın baskısına rağmen Azerbaycan Türkleri bağımsızlık için azimle mücadele vererek ideallerinden vazgeçmemişlerdir. Azerbaycan’ın devlet ve hukuk tarihinin en mühim aşamalarından biri 19181920 yıllarında mevcut olmuş Azerbaycan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti dönemidir. Azerbaycan halkının hayatında önemli bir sayfa olan bu dönem ayrıca onun tarihinde bağımsız ve egemen cumhuriyetin teşekkül etmesiyle bağlı olmuştur. Böylece, Çarlık Rusya’sının son bulmasıyla kurulan cumhuriyetler içinde Azerbaycan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti dünya devletleri tarafından tanınan ve İslam dünyasında kurulmuş ilk cumhuriyet olmuştur.
People of Azerbaijan are the second largest Turkish people of the world after the Anatolian Turks. Azerbaijan has a common border with Turkey and it has a large geography in Southern Caucasia. Even though ancient states were founded in the geography of today’s Azerbaijan such as Manna, Atropatena and Albania, due to the effect of the geopolitical and strategic position of the country, Azerbaijan was placed under the rules of more powerful or larger empires in the region in certain periods of history. At the beginning of the 18 th century, empires in Europe and in the whole world began to enlarge their expansionist policies. As is known, after the death of Nadir Shah, khanates era began in Azerbaijan. In the Azerbaijan geography, that became the scene of a hegemony contest in the full sense, a struggle began between Iran, which began to lose its power and Russia, which was trying to dominate the region. Lack of political unity in Azerbaijan made it easy for Russia to achieve its goals. Azerbaijan Turks have suffered under Russian oppression for many long years; even though it won its independence in 1918-1920, this was a short lived independence and Azerbaijan was invaded again by Soviet Russia. Despite the oppression of Soviet Russia, Azerbaijan Turks struggled for independence with determination and did not give up their ideals. One of the most important phases of Azerbaijan’s state and law history has been the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic period between the years 19181920. This period is an important page in the life of Azerbaijan people; it is also tied with the formation of its independent and sovereign republic in its history of law. Thus, among the republics founded after the demise of Tsarist Russia, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic has been the first and only Muslim state recognized by the western world.
People of Azerbaijan are the second largest Turkish people of the world after the Anatolian Turks. Azerbaijan has a common border with Turkey and it has a large geography in Southern Caucasia. Even though ancient states were founded in the geography of today’s Azerbaijan such as Manna, Atropatena and Albania, due to the effect of the geopolitical and strategic position of the country, Azerbaijan was placed under the rules of more powerful or larger empires in the region in certain periods of history. At the beginning of the 18 th century, empires in Europe and in the whole world began to enlarge their expansionist policies. As is known, after the death of Nadir Shah, khanates era began in Azerbaijan. In the Azerbaijan geography, that became the scene of a hegemony contest in the full sense, a struggle began between Iran, which began to lose its power and Russia, which was trying to dominate the region. Lack of political unity in Azerbaijan made it easy for Russia to achieve its goals. Azerbaijan Turks have suffered under Russian oppression for many long years; even though it won its independence in 1918-1920, this was a short lived independence and Azerbaijan was invaded again by Soviet Russia. Despite the oppression of Soviet Russia, Azerbaijan Turks struggled for independence with determination and did not give up their ideals. One of the most important phases of Azerbaijan’s state and law history has been the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic period between the years 19181920. This period is an important page in the life of Azerbaijan people; it is also tied with the formation of its independent and sovereign republic in its history of law. Thus, among the republics founded after the demise of Tsarist Russia, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic has been the first and only Muslim state recognized by the western world.
Description
Bu çalışma, 16 Nisan 2018 tarihinde Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesinde Azerbaycan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’nin Kuruluşu’nun 100. Yılı Konferansı’nda sözlü olarak sunulan metin temel alınarak hazırlanmıştır.
Keywords
Azerbaycan demokratik cumhuriyeti, Bağımsızlık, Kafkas İslam ordusu, Türkiye, Azerbaijan democratic republic, Rusya, Turkey, Independence, Caucasia Islam army, Russia
Citation
Mutlu, N. (2018). ''Hanlıklardan Cumhuriyete doğru Azerbaycan’ın kısa tarihi (1747-1920)''. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 147-167.