Hemolitik transfüzyon reaksiyonları
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Date
2011-08-18
Authors
Azık, Fatih Mehmet
Bozkaya, İkbal Ok
Özkasap, Serdar
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Ölümcül hemolitik transfüzyon reaksiyonu prevalansı yaklaşık olarak ünite başına 1:200000`dir. Kan ürünü alırken ya da yirmidört saat içinde ortaya çıkan hemolitik transfüzyon reaksiyonu genellikle uygunsuz eritrosit süspansiyonu ve nadiren yüksek volümlü plazma transfüzyonu sonrasında oluşur. Gecikmiş hemolitik transfüzyon reaksiyonu verici eritrositlerindeki antijenlere karşı ikincil immun yanıta bağlıdır. İnkomplet kompleman aktivitasyon sonucu C3b ile kaplı eritrositlerin makrofajlarca fagositozu ya da Ig G kaplı eritrositlerin direkt hücre hücre etkileşimi ile doğal öldürücü hücrelerce yıkılması gibi farklı mekanizmalar intra ya da ekstra vasküler yıkıma yol açar. Hemolitik transfüzyon reaksiyonları klinik sonuçları değişik patolojik yolakların çalışmasıyla olur. Anafilatoksin formasyonu, sitokinlerin salınımı, kinin sistemi, intrinsik koagülasyon kaskadı ve fibrinolizis aktivasyonu sonucu sistemik inflamatuar yanıt meydana gelir. Mikrosirkülasyonda bozulma sonucunda hipotansiyon, dissemine intravasküler koagülasyon, yaygın kanama, renal yetmezlik ve şok tablosu ortaya çıkar. Bu derlemede hemolitik transfüzyon reaksiyonu semptomları geliştiğinde yapılması gereken laboratuvar çalışmaları, tedavi yaklaşımı ve önlemek için neler yapılabileceği vurgulanmıştır.
The prevalence of fatal hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) is approximately 1:200000 per unit. Acute HTRs occur during or within 24 h after administration of a blood product. Transfusion of incompatible red blood cells (RBCs), and, more rarely, of a large volume of incompatible plasma usually are the causative agents. Delayed HTRs are caused by a secondary immune response to an antigen on the donor’s RBCs. Different mechanisms lead to intra- and extravascular hemolysis, such as complete complement activation, phagocytosis of RBCs covered with C3b by macrophages after incomplete complement activation, or destruction of RBCs covered only with IgG by direct cell to cell contact with K cells. The clinical consequences of HTRs are triggered via several pathophysiological pathways. Formation of anaphylatoxins, release of cytokines causing a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, activation of the kinin system, the intrinsic clotting cascade and fibrinolysis result in hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, diffuse bleeding, and disruption of microcirculation leading to renal failure and shock. In this review, the symptoms of HTR are introduced, laboratory investigations and treatment are described, and some recommendations for prevention are given.
The prevalence of fatal hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) is approximately 1:200000 per unit. Acute HTRs occur during or within 24 h after administration of a blood product. Transfusion of incompatible red blood cells (RBCs), and, more rarely, of a large volume of incompatible plasma usually are the causative agents. Delayed HTRs are caused by a secondary immune response to an antigen on the donor’s RBCs. Different mechanisms lead to intra- and extravascular hemolysis, such as complete complement activation, phagocytosis of RBCs covered with C3b by macrophages after incomplete complement activation, or destruction of RBCs covered only with IgG by direct cell to cell contact with K cells. The clinical consequences of HTRs are triggered via several pathophysiological pathways. Formation of anaphylatoxins, release of cytokines causing a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, activation of the kinin system, the intrinsic clotting cascade and fibrinolysis result in hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, diffuse bleeding, and disruption of microcirculation leading to renal failure and shock. In this review, the symptoms of HTR are introduced, laboratory investigations and treatment are described, and some recommendations for prevention are given.
Description
Keywords
Transfüzyon reaksiyonu, Eritrosit transfüzyonu, Hemoliz, Transfusion reaction, Erythrocyte transfusion, Hemolysis
Citation
Azık, F. M. vd. (2011). "Hemolitik transfüzyon reaksiyonları". Güncel Pediatri, 9(3), 127-132.