Essensializmin yeniden doğuşu: William Bagley ve Arthur Bestor’un temel eğitime yönelik bakış açıları
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Date
2022-06-01
Authors
Bayrak, Beyhan
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Tarihsel süreç içerisinde farklı eğitim teorileri ortaya çıkmış ve bu teoriler ülkelerin eğitim sistemlerini etkilemiştir. Bu süreçte eğitimi kültürel değerlerin aktarımı olarak nitelendiren ve temel disiplinlerin öğretmen tarafından aktarılmasını savunan özcü anlayış ortaya çıkmıştır. Essensializm (Özcülük) özellikle 20. yüzyılın başlarında, ilerlemeci anlayışa karşı göstermiş olduğu tepkiler sonucunda organize bir hareket olmuş ve bir kuram haline dönüşmüştür. Özcülerin eleştirdiği ilerlemeci eğitim anlayışı pek çok ülkenin eğitim sistemini etkilediği gibi Türk ve Amerikan eğitim sistemini etkilemiştir. Özcü düşünürlere göre son dönemde Avrupa okullarının standartları ve başarıları artarken, ilerlemeci anlayışı benimseyen ve disiplinli temel eğitimi göz ardı eden Amerikan okullarının akademik standartları düşüşe uğramıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı da, ilerlemeci ve yapılandırmacı teorilerin eğitim sistemini zayıflattığını ve güçsüzleştirdiğini düşünen ayrıca 20. yüzyıl Essensialist yaklaşımın kurucuları olarak değerlendirilen William Bagley ve Arthur Bestor’un eğitime yönelik fikirlerini analiz etmektir. Çalışmada, öncelikli olarak Bagley’in temel eğitime dair görüşleri ve öğrenci deneyimini ön planda tutan ilerlemeci anlayışa karşı açmış olduğu savaşı irdelenecektir. Daha sonraki süreçte Bestor’un liberal eğitim çerçevesinde oluşturduğu disiplinli entelektüel eğitim anlayışı ve eğitimi hayata hazırlık olarak nitelendiren ilerlemeci anlayışa yönelik eleştirileri analiz edilecektir.
In the historical process, different educational theories have emerged and these theories have affected the education systems of countries. In this process, an essentialist approach has emerged, which describes education as the transfer of cultural values and advocates the transfer of basic disciplines by the teacher. Essensialism, especially in the early 20th century, became an organized movement and turned into a theory as a result of the reactions it showed against the progressive understanding. The progressive education approach criticized by the Essensialists has affected the education system of many countries as well as the Turkish and American education systems. According to Essensialist thinkers, while the standards and achievements of European schools have increased recently, the academic standards of American schools, which adopt a progressive approach and ignore disciplined basic education, have decreased. The aim of this study is to analyze the ideas of William Bagley and Arthur Bestor, who think that progressive and constructivist theories weaken and weaken the education system, and who are considered to be the founders of the 20th century Essentialist approach. In the study, Bagley's views on basic education and his war against the progressive understanding that prioritizes student experience will be examined. In the next process, the disciplined intellectual education approach created by Bestor within the framework of liberal education and his criticisms of the progressive understanding that characterizes education as preparation for life will be analyzed.
In the historical process, different educational theories have emerged and these theories have affected the education systems of countries. In this process, an essentialist approach has emerged, which describes education as the transfer of cultural values and advocates the transfer of basic disciplines by the teacher. Essensialism, especially in the early 20th century, became an organized movement and turned into a theory as a result of the reactions it showed against the progressive understanding. The progressive education approach criticized by the Essensialists has affected the education system of many countries as well as the Turkish and American education systems. According to Essensialist thinkers, while the standards and achievements of European schools have increased recently, the academic standards of American schools, which adopt a progressive approach and ignore disciplined basic education, have decreased. The aim of this study is to analyze the ideas of William Bagley and Arthur Bestor, who think that progressive and constructivist theories weaken and weaken the education system, and who are considered to be the founders of the 20th century Essentialist approach. In the study, Bagley's views on basic education and his war against the progressive understanding that prioritizes student experience will be examined. In the next process, the disciplined intellectual education approach created by Bestor within the framework of liberal education and his criticisms of the progressive understanding that characterizes education as preparation for life will be analyzed.
Description
Keywords
Eğitim felsefesi, Özcülük, W. Bagley, A. Bestor, İlerlemecilik, Educational philosophy, Essensialism, Progressivism
Citation
Bayrak, B. (2022). ''Essensializmin yeniden doğuşu: William Bagley ve Arthur Bestor’un temel eğitime yönelik bakış açıları''. Kaygı. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 21(2), 593-623.