Fethinden Moğol istilasına kadar Orta Sirderya Havzası ve İslam tarihindeki yeri
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Date
2019-08-26
Authors
Abdilkhakim, Burkhanadin
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Orta Sirderya havzası günümüzde Kazakistan'ın güneyinde yer alan bir bölgedir. Bölge aynı zamanda Türklerin anayurdu olma özelliğine de sahiptir. Tarih boyunca Orta Sirderya havzası kuzeydeki göçebe Türkler ile Maveraünnehir'deki yerleşik hayat yaşayan halklar arasında dini ve kültürel bakımdan bir köprü rolü üstlenmiştir. M.Ö. binli yıllardan beri Sakalar tarafından idare edilen bölgenin demografik yapısı milliyet bakımından Maveraünnehire göre daha homojen olmuştur. Zira M.S. V. asırlarda Soğdların Orta Sirderya havzası ile Yedisu'da şehirler inşa edip mıntıkaya yerleşmelerine rağmen, bölge halkının çoğunluğunu genellikle Türk kökenli kabileler oluşturmuştur. M.S. VIII. yüzyıla kadar bölgede hakim olan Şamanizm, Budizm, Maniheizm, Nestürilik gibi din ve inanç akımları islam'ın aynı asrın ilk çeyreğinde bölgede yayılmaya başlamasıyla birlikte ortadan kaybolmuştur. Samaniterin Orta Asya'da hakim olduğu ıx. yüzyılın sonralarında ise İslam dini artık Orta Sirderya havzasının şehirlerinde büyük oranda kabul görmüştü. Göçebe Türklerin İslamlaşma süreci ise özellikle Karahanlılar döneminde bölgede ortaya çıkan Yeseviye tarikatından sonra hız kazanm ıştır. Xll. yüzyılın birinci yarısında bölge beş asırdan beri devam eden Müslümanların hakimiyetinden çıkıp gayri müslim olan Karahıtayların eline geçmiştir. Bununla birlikte dine höşgörülü davranan Karahıtaylar yönetimi altında Müslümanlar vergilerini ödemek suretiyle İslami hayatlarını serbestçe yaşamışlardır. X1L. yüzyılın son ve XlII. yüzyılın ilk çeyreklerinde ise Orta Sirderya havzası güçlenen Harezmşah Devleti'nin hakimiyeti altına girerek tekrar Müslüman yönetimine dönmüştür. Fakat yaklaşan Moğol tehlikesi sebebiyle bu durum uzun sürmemiştir.
The Middle Sirdarya basin is a region in Central Asia which located in the South province of present Kazakhstan. The region is also the homeland of the Turks. Throughout history, the Middle Sirdarya basin has played the role of a bridge of religion and culture between nomadic Turks in the north and settled people of Transoxania. Since Saks inhabited the region in B.C. 1000 different tribes have lived there since then. But demographic structure of the region is more homogeneous in terms of nationality than Transoxania. Although the Soghds built cities in the Middle Sirdarya basin and Jetisu in the 5th century A.D. and settled there, the majority of the people of the region were mostly tribes of Turkish origin. The beliefs such as Shamanism, Buddhism, Manichaeism and Nesturism that prevailed in the region until the 8th century, disappeared with the beginning of the spread of Islam in the region in the fırst quarter of the same century. The period during which the Samanids dominated Central Asia by the end of the 9th century, the Islamic religion was now fully dominant in the cities of the Middle Sirdarya basin. The process of Islamization of nornadic Turks gained momentum especially after the missionary activities of the Yasawi tariqat which emerged in the region during the Karahanids period. After living under Islamic domination for fıve centuries. in the fırst half of the XII. century the Muslims lost the region and the Middle Sirdarya basin was captured by the non-Muslim Karahıtays. However, under the rule of Karahıtays, which were tolerant of religion, Muslims lived their religious lives freely. In the last quarter of XII. and in the fırst quarter of the XLI. centuries, the Middle Sirdarya basin came under the rule of the Khwarezmshah State. It meant that the region returned to Muslim rule again. But this joy did not last long.
The Middle Sirdarya basin is a region in Central Asia which located in the South province of present Kazakhstan. The region is also the homeland of the Turks. Throughout history, the Middle Sirdarya basin has played the role of a bridge of religion and culture between nomadic Turks in the north and settled people of Transoxania. Since Saks inhabited the region in B.C. 1000 different tribes have lived there since then. But demographic structure of the region is more homogeneous in terms of nationality than Transoxania. Although the Soghds built cities in the Middle Sirdarya basin and Jetisu in the 5th century A.D. and settled there, the majority of the people of the region were mostly tribes of Turkish origin. The beliefs such as Shamanism, Buddhism, Manichaeism and Nesturism that prevailed in the region until the 8th century, disappeared with the beginning of the spread of Islam in the region in the fırst quarter of the same century. The period during which the Samanids dominated Central Asia by the end of the 9th century, the Islamic religion was now fully dominant in the cities of the Middle Sirdarya basin. The process of Islamization of nornadic Turks gained momentum especially after the missionary activities of the Yasawi tariqat which emerged in the region during the Karahanids period. After living under Islamic domination for fıve centuries. in the fırst half of the XII. century the Muslims lost the region and the Middle Sirdarya basin was captured by the non-Muslim Karahıtays. However, under the rule of Karahıtays, which were tolerant of religion, Muslims lived their religious lives freely. In the last quarter of XII. and in the fırst quarter of the XLI. centuries, the Middle Sirdarya basin came under the rule of the Khwarezmshah State. It meant that the region returned to Muslim rule again. But this joy did not last long.
Description
Keywords
Orta Asya, Central Asia, Maveraünnehir, Göçebe, İslam, Emeviler, İsfıcab, Orta Sirderya Havzası, Türkler, Transoxania, Nomad, Islam, Umayyads, Isfıjab, Middle Sirderya Basin, Turks
Citation
Abdilkhakim, B. (2019). Fethinden Moğol istilasına kadar Orta Sirderya Havzası ve İslam tarihindeki yeri. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.