13. yüzyılda Bizans'ı etkileyen ekonomik siyasi ve kültürel ilişkiler: 1204-1261
Loading...
Files
Date
2003-06-25
Authors
Kılıç, Şahin
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
"13. Yüzyıl'da Bizans'ı Etkileyen Ekonomik, Siyasi ve Kültürel İlişkiler (1204-1261)" başlığını taşıyan bu tez, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü'ne Yüksek Lisan Tezi olarak, Şahin Kılıç tarafından hazırlanmıştır. Tez savunmasına jüri üyeleri olarak; Prof. Dr. Yusuf Oğuzoğlu (Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü-Danışman), Prof.Dr. Osman Çetin (Uludağ Üniversitesi, İlahiyat Fakültesi, İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Bölümü) ve Yard.Doç.Dr. Sezai Sevim (Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü) katılmışlardır. 13. yüzyılın başlan Bizans imparatorluğunun tarihinde bir dönüm noktasına işaret eden gelişmelere tanıklık eder. 1204'te IV. Haçlı seferi sonucunda Bizans imparatorluğu parçalanarak, imparatorluğun siyasi, ekonomik ve dinsel-ideolojik merkezi olan İstanbul'da Latin imparatorluğu kurulmuştur. Bu gelişmeler üzerine İstanbul'dan kaçarak İznik'te toplanan Bizanslıların önemli bir kısmı burada İstanbul'daki devlet teşkilatının bir benzerini oluşturarak, İstanbul'u geri almak için 57 yıl süren bir mücadeleye başlarlar. Nihayet 1261 yılında, İstanbul'u geri alarak Bizans imparatorluğunu yeniden kurarlar. Bizans tarihinde genellikle "sürgün yıllan" olarak ifade edilen bu yıllar yani 1204-1261 yıllan arasında Anadolu ve Balkanlar' da yoğun bir siyasi hareketlilik yaşanmakta olup, bu hareketlilik Bizans'ın geleceğini dolaylı ya da doğrudan etkileyecek olan karmaşık ve zor bir siyasi ortam yaratmaktadır. Bu yıllarda Haçlılar İstanbul'dan sonra Bizans'ın Anadoludaki topraklarım istila etme girişimlerinde bulunmaktadır. Öte yandan Anadolu Selçukluları bölgede önemli bir siyasi aktör olarak faaliyet göstermektedir. Bunun yanısıra Türkmen İadelerinin Anadolu'daki baskısı da yoğunlaşmıştır. Balkanlar' da ise Bulgar Krallığı en parlak dönemini yaşamaktadır. Bütün bunların yanında Trabzon'da ve Yunanistan'ın batısında ortaya çıkan iki Bizans devleti arasındaki çetin bir rekabet yaşanmaktadır. İşte böyle bir ortamda İznik'teki kurulan Bizans devletinin İstanbul'u geri alarak imparatorluğu yeniden İstanbul'a nasıl taşıdıktan sorusu bu çalışmanın çerçevesini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel amacı ise, 1204-1261 yıllan arasında İznik (Nikaia) merkezli Bizans devletinin, çevresiyle olan siyasi, kültürel, ekonomik ilişkilerini inceleyerek ve bu ilişkilerin Bizans tarihinde restoration (restorasyon) terimi ile ifade edilen, İstanbul'un geri alınmasında ve imparatorluğun yeniden kurulmasındaki rolünü analiz etmektir. Bu çerçevede tezin ilk bölümünde özelde İznik'te kurulan sürgün devletin, genelde ise Bizans dünyasının haçlı seferi sonrası içinde bulunduğu koşullar ve ortam ele alındı. İkinci bölümde ise Bizans dünyasının kendi iç ilişkileri incelendi. Üçüncü bölümde ise Bizans dünyasını, dolayısıyla İznik' i etkileyen, Balkanlar, Anadolu ve Yakan Doğu' da ortaya çıkan gelişmeler ve İznik'in bu gelişmelerle doğrudan veya dolaylı bağlantısı ele alındı. Yine bu bölümde Balkanlarda Bulgar krallığı, Epiros Prensliği, Latin İmparatorluğu, Anodolu'da Selçuklular, Trabzon İmparatorluğu ve Moğollar arasında ya da bu yapıların İznik ile ilişkileri ve bu ilişkilerin İznik'i ne şekilde etkilemiş olduğu incelendi.
This thesis entitled, "The Economic, Social and Cultural Relations which Influenced the Byzantine Empire in the 13th Century," was prepared by Sahin Kilic as a master thesis under the supervision of Professor Yusuf Oghuzoglu. This thesis deals with the question of how these relations influenced the Byzantine Empire in the period between 1204- 1261, known as the "period of exile in Nicaea" and their effect on its future. The Fourth Crusade, which resulted from the establishment of the Latin Empire in Istanbul led to the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire. A great majority of the Byzantine eliltes gathered in Iznik where they re-established a similar state structure and struggled to regain Istanbul. After 57 years, they suceeded in 1261. During these difficult years they were also able to reestablish their former power in the Balkans and Anatolia. Therefore, it is an important historical question to ask how the Byzantine Empire reconstructed its empire at a time when political developments in the Balkans and Anatolia were not in their favor. For example, at this time, the Seljukids were at the height of their power in Anatolia. The presence of Turkmen tribes in Anatolia was strongly felt by the Byzantines. The Crusaders also made several attempts to conquer Anatolia at this time. The Kingdom of the Bulgars was very powerful in the Balkans and furthermore, there was also a constant rivalry between the two newly emerged Byzantine states, one in Trabzon and one in Greece after the Latin invasion. Likewise, the incursion of the Mongols into Anatolia during this same period made the political relations among the several political entities in Anatolia extremely complicated. Various dimensions of this question have been studied by historians of the Byzantine Iznik Empire. Their studies have demonstrated that internal factors such as the administrative, social, economic structure of the Byzantine empire in Iznik and the organization of its army made it possible for it to regain its power in the Balkans and Anatolia. They have also pointed out that its diplomatic activity was also an important factor in the process. This study asks what other factors aside from those mentioned above affected the process. Though the scope of this thesis is limited, I have tried to look at the issue from a different perspective. First, I argue that aside from internal factors some unexpected social, economic and political developments outside of Iznik were also important in this long and complicated process. What were the political, cultural and economic relations in Anatolia, Balkans and Near East, which influenced its domestic and external policies and as well as its existence? What was their effect? Our purpose is not to locate the certain answers to these questions, but rather to look at the issue from a different perspective. For this purpose, we have first of all examined the general situation in the Iznik Empire on a micro-level and in the Byzantine Empire on a macro-level after the Fourth Crusade. Then we have examined the internal relations within the Byzantine Empire. We have also examined the various political developments, which emerged in Anatolia, the Balkans and the Near East and their effect on the Byzantine Empire directly or indirectly. As a result of this study, it was also concluded that these factors IVwere important in shaping the turning points of the Byzantine empire and continued to shape its history after 1261.
This thesis entitled, "The Economic, Social and Cultural Relations which Influenced the Byzantine Empire in the 13th Century," was prepared by Sahin Kilic as a master thesis under the supervision of Professor Yusuf Oghuzoglu. This thesis deals with the question of how these relations influenced the Byzantine Empire in the period between 1204- 1261, known as the "period of exile in Nicaea" and their effect on its future. The Fourth Crusade, which resulted from the establishment of the Latin Empire in Istanbul led to the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire. A great majority of the Byzantine eliltes gathered in Iznik where they re-established a similar state structure and struggled to regain Istanbul. After 57 years, they suceeded in 1261. During these difficult years they were also able to reestablish their former power in the Balkans and Anatolia. Therefore, it is an important historical question to ask how the Byzantine Empire reconstructed its empire at a time when political developments in the Balkans and Anatolia were not in their favor. For example, at this time, the Seljukids were at the height of their power in Anatolia. The presence of Turkmen tribes in Anatolia was strongly felt by the Byzantines. The Crusaders also made several attempts to conquer Anatolia at this time. The Kingdom of the Bulgars was very powerful in the Balkans and furthermore, there was also a constant rivalry between the two newly emerged Byzantine states, one in Trabzon and one in Greece after the Latin invasion. Likewise, the incursion of the Mongols into Anatolia during this same period made the political relations among the several political entities in Anatolia extremely complicated. Various dimensions of this question have been studied by historians of the Byzantine Iznik Empire. Their studies have demonstrated that internal factors such as the administrative, social, economic structure of the Byzantine empire in Iznik and the organization of its army made it possible for it to regain its power in the Balkans and Anatolia. They have also pointed out that its diplomatic activity was also an important factor in the process. This study asks what other factors aside from those mentioned above affected the process. Though the scope of this thesis is limited, I have tried to look at the issue from a different perspective. First, I argue that aside from internal factors some unexpected social, economic and political developments outside of Iznik were also important in this long and complicated process. What were the political, cultural and economic relations in Anatolia, Balkans and Near East, which influenced its domestic and external policies and as well as its existence? What was their effect? Our purpose is not to locate the certain answers to these questions, but rather to look at the issue from a different perspective. For this purpose, we have first of all examined the general situation in the Iznik Empire on a micro-level and in the Byzantine Empire on a macro-level after the Fourth Crusade. Then we have examined the internal relations within the Byzantine Empire. We have also examined the various political developments, which emerged in Anatolia, the Balkans and the Near East and their effect on the Byzantine Empire directly or indirectly. As a result of this study, it was also concluded that these factors IVwere important in shaping the turning points of the Byzantine empire and continued to shape its history after 1261.
Description
Keywords
13. Yüzyıl, Bizans, İznik İmparatorluğu, Selçuklular, Epiros, Moğollar, Bulgar Krallığı, IV.Haçlı Seferi, 13. Century, Byzantium, Empire of Nicaea, Seljuks, Epiros, Mongols, The Kingdom of Bulgaria, IV. Crusade
Citation
Kılıç, Ş. (2003). 13. yüzyılda Bizans'ı etkileyen ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel ilişkiler: 1204-1261. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.