Hıristiyan kilise otoritesinde aforoz
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Date
2019-10-28
Authors
Meydan, Emine
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada Hıristiyan Katolik Kilisesi’nin kendi otoritesini sağlamada “Aforoz” terimini ne amaçla ve nasıl kullandığı incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Hıristiyanlık tarihi öncesinde aforoz, adı farklı olmakla beraber ilkel Sami halklarında, paganlarda, Romalılarda ve Yahudilerde görülmüştür. Hıristiyan inancına göre suçlu ve doğasında asilik olan insan, vaftiz ile temizlenmiştir. Bu kişinin Kilise tarafından belirlenmiş günahlardan uzak kalması gerekmektedir. Çünkü vaftiz yoluyla Kilise’nin yargı yetkisine tabi olmuştur. Şayet temizlendikten sonra ceza gerektiren bir eylemde bulunursa rehabilite etmek amacıyla tedricen cezalar tatbik edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda aforoz önce kınama olarak kullanılmış ve sakramentlerden (kutsal ayinler) mahrum bırakma şeklinde uygulanmıştır. Zamanla kınama cezası kendi içinde üçe ayrılmıştır. Bunlar aforoz (excommunication), yasaklama (interdict) ve geçici olarak uzaklaştırmadır (suspension). Aforozun, konsil ve sinodlarda alınan kararlar sonucunda, çeşitleri, tanımları, gerekçeleri ve uygulama şekilleri belirlenmiştir. Buna göre genel çerçevede excommunication minor (sadece kutsallardan dışlama, sınır koyma), excommunication major (tüm dini hakların kaybını gerektiren ve ancak yargı ile karar verilen durum) ve anathema diğer adıyla excommunication solemnis (belli bir tören ile piskoposun ilan etmesi) oluşmuştur. Bütün bunlarla beraber bağışlanmanın yolu da gösterilmiştir. Çalışma, üç bölümden müteşekkil olup birinci bölümde Kilise’nin oluşumu ve otorite haline gelmesi işlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde çalışmanın temel konusu olan aforozun teşekkülü, tarihsel terminolojisi, Kutsal Metinlerdeki yeri ve çeşitleri anlatılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde sinod ve konsillerden çıkan kararların kanon haline geliş süreci ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, genel bir değerlendirme ile sonlandırılmıştır.
The aim of this study is to examine the purposes and methods the Christian Catholic Church utilized the term "Excommunication" to establish its authority. Before the history of Christianity, excommunication was practiced by early Sami peoples, pagans, Romans and Jews, although it was named differently. According to Christian belief, a person who is guilty and rebellious in nature is purified through baptism. The person concerned must stay away from the sins specified by the church because he is subject to the jurisdiction of the Church through baptism. If s/he is involved in a punitive action after being purified, it is necessary to gradually impose penalties for rehabilitation. Within this context, excommunication was first used as condemnation and depriving one of sacraments (sacred rites). Over time, the reprimand was divided into three in itself. These are excommunication, interdict and suspension. As a result of the decisions taken in the excommunication, council and synods, their types, definitions and justifications were determined. Accordingly, in the general framework, minor excommunication (separation from the sacraments only, suspension), major excommunication (a situation, which involves the loss of all religious rights but only after a judicial decision) and anathema alias "excommunication solemnis" (the declaration by a bishop that one is dismissed from the Church) were formed. Along with all this, the way to absolution was also described. This study consists of three chapters and in the first chapter, the foundation of the Church and its rise as an authority are discussed. In the second chapter, the main subject matter of the study, i.e. the origins of the excommunication, the history of its terminology, its place in the Holy Scriptures and its types are explained. The third chapter examines how the decisions made by the synods and councils become canon law. The study concludes with an overall evaluation.
The aim of this study is to examine the purposes and methods the Christian Catholic Church utilized the term "Excommunication" to establish its authority. Before the history of Christianity, excommunication was practiced by early Sami peoples, pagans, Romans and Jews, although it was named differently. According to Christian belief, a person who is guilty and rebellious in nature is purified through baptism. The person concerned must stay away from the sins specified by the church because he is subject to the jurisdiction of the Church through baptism. If s/he is involved in a punitive action after being purified, it is necessary to gradually impose penalties for rehabilitation. Within this context, excommunication was first used as condemnation and depriving one of sacraments (sacred rites). Over time, the reprimand was divided into three in itself. These are excommunication, interdict and suspension. As a result of the decisions taken in the excommunication, council and synods, their types, definitions and justifications were determined. Accordingly, in the general framework, minor excommunication (separation from the sacraments only, suspension), major excommunication (a situation, which involves the loss of all religious rights but only after a judicial decision) and anathema alias "excommunication solemnis" (the declaration by a bishop that one is dismissed from the Church) were formed. Along with all this, the way to absolution was also described. This study consists of three chapters and in the first chapter, the foundation of the Church and its rise as an authority are discussed. In the second chapter, the main subject matter of the study, i.e. the origins of the excommunication, the history of its terminology, its place in the Holy Scriptures and its types are explained. The third chapter examines how the decisions made by the synods and councils become canon law. The study concludes with an overall evaluation.
Description
Keywords
Kilise, Church, Aforoz, Authority, Otorite, Anathema, Ruhban, Laik, Bağışlanma, Excommunication, Anathema, Cleric, Secular/civil, Absolution
Citation
Meydan, E. (2019). Hıristiyan kilise otoritesinde aforoz. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.