Yayın: Blaundos nekropolü freskolu kaya mezarları
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Kurum Yazarları
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Can, Ceyda
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Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
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Özet
Lydia-Phrygia sınırındaki konumuyla stratejik öneme sahip olan Blaundos, üç tarafı derin vadilerle çevrili bir tepe üzerinde ve yamaçlarında kurulmuştur. Kentin kuruluşu çok daha erken dönemlere uzansa da antik kaynaklardan ve arkeolojik verilerden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla Helenistik Dönem’den itibaren bölgenin önemli kentlerinden biri olmuştur. En parlak dönemini MS 1. yüzyılda yaşayan kent Roma Dönemi boyunca önemini korumuş, bu süreçte kentte tapınaklar, tiyatro, hamam, gymnasion, bazilika gibi kamusal yapılar inşa edilmiştir. Kenti çevreleyen derin vadilerin yamaçlarında teraslar halinde sıralanan yüzlerce kayaya oygu oda mezar Blaundos’un öne çıkan yapıları arasındadır. Doğal ve beşerî nedenlerle yoğun tahribata uğramış olan mezarların tespit edilebilen 358 tanesi belgelenmiştir. Farklı plan tiplerine sahip mezarların olasılıkla birçoğunun içi fresklerle kaplanmışsa da ancak 22 mezar içerisindeki freskolar günümüze nispeten sağlam ulaşabilmiştir. 2021, 2022 ve 2023 sezonlarında bu kaya mezarlarının duvarlarını, kemerlerini, tavanlarını ve tonozlarını kaplayan fresko kalıntılarının temizlenmesi, belgelenmesi ve restorasyon-konservasyon çalışmaları tamamlanmıştır. Beyaz sıva üzerine panolar ve bordürler halinde yerleştirilen kızıl, mavi, yeşil, sarı gibi farklı renk tonlarında yapılmış freskolarda geometrik, bitkisel ve figürlü kompozisyonlara yer verilmiştir. Asma dalları ve yaprakları, üzüm salkımları, çiçekler, çelenkler ve girlandlar, bitkisel bezemeler içinde öne çıkan motiflerdir. Bazı freskolarda rastlanan Hermes, Medusa, Eros gibi mitolojik figürlerle kuş, köpek gibi hayvanlar Roma ölü kültü ve ikonografisiyle ilişkilendirilebilir. Nekropolde kısa dönem ve sınırlı alanlarda kazı çalışmaları yapılabilmiştir. Ele geçen az sayıda buluntu ve kemiklerin analiz sonuçlarına göre nekropol Roma Dönemi boyunca kullanım görmüştür. Korunan duvar resimleri ağırlıklı olarak MS 3-4. yüzyıllara tarihlenebilir. Bu doktora tez çalışması kapsamını, Blaundos kaya mezarları ve onların duvar, kemer, tonoz ve tavanlarını kaplayan freskoları oluşturur. Freskoları günümüze nispeten sağlam olarak ulaşabilmiş kaya mezarları özellikle Kuzeydoğu Nekropol alanındaki teraslarda yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, kentin diğer yönlerindeki nekropol alanlarında da freskolu kaya mezarlarına rastlanmıştır. Bunlardan bir kısmı oldukça sağlam ve bütüncül olarak ele geçmiş, bir kısmı ise parçalar halinde ve yoğun tahribata uğramış biçimde günümüze ulaşabilmiştir. 19. yüzyılın başlarındaki seyyahların ziyaretlerine dair notlarda kısaca bahsedilen, gravürlerde belli belirsiz görünen kaya mezarları hakkındaki ilk detaylı çalışma 1999-2002 yılları arasında A. Filges başkanlığında yürütülen Blaundos yüzey araştırmaları kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. O dönem araştırmalarında tespit edilenlerin yanı sıra, 2018-2023 yılları arasında B. Can başkanlığında gerçekleştirilen kazı ve restorasyon çalışmaları sürecinde çok daha fazla kaya mezarına ve freskolara ulaşılmış, onarım ve temizlikleri gerçekleştirilmiş, belgeleme ve çizimleri tamamlanmıştır. Bu tez kapsamında, daha önce tespit edilen ve kısmen yayınlananlarla birlikte yeni tespit edilen, temizlenen ve belgelenen tüm kaya mezarlarının freskoları değerlendirilmiştir. “Blaundos Nekropolü Freskolu Kaya Mezarları” adlı bu çalışmadaki temel amaç, kaya mezarlarının freskolarının teknik ve ikonografik incelenmesi ve bu inceleme sonuçlarına göre yerel özellikler ve bölgesel ilişkilere ışık tutulmasıdır. Aynı zamanda, stilistik değerlendirmelerle tarihleme yapılması ve bu tarihlendirmeye göre kentin ve bölgenin sanatsal ve demografik yapısının hangi dönemlerde yoğun olduğunun anlaşılmaya çalışılması da amaçlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, Blaundos nekropolündeki v kaya mezarlarının; topografik dağılımına, konumlarına, mimari formlarına, cephe, plan gibi mimari özelliklerine, arcosolium, niş gibi iç düzenlemelerine de değinilmiştir. Diğer yandan, tüm bu veriler ışığında, saptanabilecek özgün unsurlar yardımıyla olası bir kent/bölge atölyesinin veya stilinin varlığı, mezar sahiplerinin statüleri gibi konulara da açıklık getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Olası statü ve ekonomik düzey farklılıklarının freskolar üzerinde işlenen bitkisel ve figürlü bezemelerle bağlantılı olup olmadığı, mezar içerisinde farklı ustaların çalışıp çalışmadıkları benzer örnekler ve benzer odaklı araştırmaların çıkarımları ve yorumları ışığında incelenmiştir. Mezarların zaman içinde genişletilerek yeniden kullanılması süreçlerinin duvar resimleri üzerinden takip edilmesi ve bu süreçte hangi mezarların hangi dönemlerde kullanımda oldukları ve değişime uğradıklarının saptanmaya çalışılması, tez çalışmasının diğer bir amacıdır.
Blaundos, which has strategic importance with its location on the Lydia-Phrygia border, was founded on a hill and its slopes surrounded by deep valleys on three sides. Although the city's foundation dates back to much earlier periods, it has been one of the important cities of the region since the Helenistic Period, as understood from ancient sources and archaeological data. The city, which experienced its brightest period in the 1st century CE, maintained its importance throughout the Roman Period, and public buildings such as temples, theater, bath, gymnasium and basilica were built in the city during this period. Hundreds of rock-cut chamber tombs, lined up in terraces on the slopes of the deep valleys surrounding the city, are among the prominent structures of Blaundos. 358 of the tombs that have been severely damaged by natural and human causes have been documented. Although most of the tombs with different plan types were probably covered with frescoes, the frescoes in only 22 tombs have survived relatively intact to the present day. In the 2021, 2022 and 2023 seasons, the cleaning, documentation and restoration-conservation work of the fresco remains covering the walls, arches, ceilings and vaults of these rock tombs were completed. Geometric, floral and figurative compositions are featured in frescoes made in different color tones such as red, blue, green and yellow, placed in the form of panels and borders on white plaster. Vine branches and leaves, grape clusters, flowers, wreaths and garlands are the prominent motifs among the floral decorations. Mythological figures such as Hermes, Medusa, Eros and animals such as birds and dogs found in some frescoes can be associated with the Roman funeral cult and iconography. Excavations in the necropolis were only carried out for short periods and in limited areas. According to the analysis results of the few finds and bones uncovered, the necropolis was used throughout the Roman Period. The preserved wall paintings can be dated mainly to the 3rd-4th centuries CE. The scope of this doctoral thesis is the Blaundos rock tombs and the frescoes covering their walls, arches, vaults and ceilings. Rock tombs whose frescoes have survived relatively intact to the present day are concentrated especially on the terraces in the Northeast Necropolis area. In addition, frescoed rock tombs were also found in the necropolis areas in other parts of the city. Some of these were found in very good condition, while others have survived to the present day in fragments and in a heavily damaged state. The first detailed study on the rock tombs, which were briefly mentioned in the notes of travelers' visits at the beginning of the 19th century and were vaguely visible in engravings, was carried out within the scope of the Blaundos surveys conducted under the direction of A. Filges between 1999 and 2002. In addition to those identified during the research of that period, many more rock tombs and frescoes were discovered, repaired and cleaned, and their documentation and drawings were completed during the excavation and restoration works carried out under the direction of B. Can between 2018 and 2023. Within the scope of this thesis, the frescoes of all newly identified, cleaned and documented rock tombs, along with those previously identified and partially published, were evaluated. The main purpose of this study, titled “Frescoed Rock-Cut Tombs of Blaundos Necropolis”, is to examine the frescoes of the rock tombs from a technical and iconographic perspective and to shed light on local characteristics and regional relations according to the results of this examination. At the same time, it is also aimed to make dating with stylistic evaluations and to try to understand in which periods the artistic and demographic structure of the city and the region was intense according to this dating. In addition, the topographic distribution, location, architectural forms, architectural features such as facade, plan, and interior arrangements such as arcosolium and niche of the rock tombs in the Blaundos necropolis were also mentioned. On the other hand, in the light of all this data, an attempt was made to clarify issues such as the existence of a possible city/region workshop or style and the status of the tomb owners with the help of unique elements that could be identified. Whether possible status and economic level differences are related to the floral and figurative decorations on the frescoes and whether different masters worked in the tomb were examined in the light of similar examples and the inferences and interpretations of similarly focused research. Another aim of the thesis was to follow the processes of expansion and reuse of tombs over time through wall paintings, and to try to determine which tombs were in use and in which periods they underwent changes during this process.
Blaundos, which has strategic importance with its location on the Lydia-Phrygia border, was founded on a hill and its slopes surrounded by deep valleys on three sides. Although the city's foundation dates back to much earlier periods, it has been one of the important cities of the region since the Helenistic Period, as understood from ancient sources and archaeological data. The city, which experienced its brightest period in the 1st century CE, maintained its importance throughout the Roman Period, and public buildings such as temples, theater, bath, gymnasium and basilica were built in the city during this period. Hundreds of rock-cut chamber tombs, lined up in terraces on the slopes of the deep valleys surrounding the city, are among the prominent structures of Blaundos. 358 of the tombs that have been severely damaged by natural and human causes have been documented. Although most of the tombs with different plan types were probably covered with frescoes, the frescoes in only 22 tombs have survived relatively intact to the present day. In the 2021, 2022 and 2023 seasons, the cleaning, documentation and restoration-conservation work of the fresco remains covering the walls, arches, ceilings and vaults of these rock tombs were completed. Geometric, floral and figurative compositions are featured in frescoes made in different color tones such as red, blue, green and yellow, placed in the form of panels and borders on white plaster. Vine branches and leaves, grape clusters, flowers, wreaths and garlands are the prominent motifs among the floral decorations. Mythological figures such as Hermes, Medusa, Eros and animals such as birds and dogs found in some frescoes can be associated with the Roman funeral cult and iconography. Excavations in the necropolis were only carried out for short periods and in limited areas. According to the analysis results of the few finds and bones uncovered, the necropolis was used throughout the Roman Period. The preserved wall paintings can be dated mainly to the 3rd-4th centuries CE. The scope of this doctoral thesis is the Blaundos rock tombs and the frescoes covering their walls, arches, vaults and ceilings. Rock tombs whose frescoes have survived relatively intact to the present day are concentrated especially on the terraces in the Northeast Necropolis area. In addition, frescoed rock tombs were also found in the necropolis areas in other parts of the city. Some of these were found in very good condition, while others have survived to the present day in fragments and in a heavily damaged state. The first detailed study on the rock tombs, which were briefly mentioned in the notes of travelers' visits at the beginning of the 19th century and were vaguely visible in engravings, was carried out within the scope of the Blaundos surveys conducted under the direction of A. Filges between 1999 and 2002. In addition to those identified during the research of that period, many more rock tombs and frescoes were discovered, repaired and cleaned, and their documentation and drawings were completed during the excavation and restoration works carried out under the direction of B. Can between 2018 and 2023. Within the scope of this thesis, the frescoes of all newly identified, cleaned and documented rock tombs, along with those previously identified and partially published, were evaluated. The main purpose of this study, titled “Frescoed Rock-Cut Tombs of Blaundos Necropolis”, is to examine the frescoes of the rock tombs from a technical and iconographic perspective and to shed light on local characteristics and regional relations according to the results of this examination. At the same time, it is also aimed to make dating with stylistic evaluations and to try to understand in which periods the artistic and demographic structure of the city and the region was intense according to this dating. In addition, the topographic distribution, location, architectural forms, architectural features such as facade, plan, and interior arrangements such as arcosolium and niche of the rock tombs in the Blaundos necropolis were also mentioned. On the other hand, in the light of all this data, an attempt was made to clarify issues such as the existence of a possible city/region workshop or style and the status of the tomb owners with the help of unique elements that could be identified. Whether possible status and economic level differences are related to the floral and figurative decorations on the frescoes and whether different masters worked in the tomb were examined in the light of similar examples and the inferences and interpretations of similarly focused research. Another aim of the thesis was to follow the processes of expansion and reuse of tombs over time through wall paintings, and to try to determine which tombs were in use and in which periods they underwent changes during this process.
Açıklama
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Konusu
Blaundos, Kaya mezarı, Duvar resmi, Fresko, Arcosolium, Chamasorion, Rock-cut tomb, Wall painting, Fresco
