Gürbüz, İsmail BülentNesirov, ElçinÖzkan, Gülay2024-06-142024-06-142021-01-130944-1344https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12228-3https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-12228-3https://hdl.handle.net/11452/42189This study empirically analyzes the long-term relationship between agricultural production and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Azerbaijan using annual data covering the period of 1992-2014. Additionally, real income and energy consumption variables were included in the model in testing the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method is undertaken to reveal the existence of the long-term relationship between the CO₂ and its determinants. The ARDL mechanism shows that gross domestic product (GDP) and energy consumption have a positive and statistically significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. However, agricultural production and the square of GDP have a negative impact on air pollution. Furthermore, when the coefficients of real GDP and squared GDP included in the model were examined to analyze the inverted-U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution, the EKC hypothesis was confirmed to be valid. According to Toda-Yamamoto causality test results, there is a bidirectional relationship between GDP, the square of GDP, and carbon emissions. From energy consumption and agricultural value-added to CO₂ emissions, a unidirectional Granger causality relationship was found. Ultimately, the findings suggest that policies and reforms that increase or support agricultural production will help lower the country's CO₂ emissions level.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessKuznets curve hypothesisCO₂ emissions evidenceEconomic-growthRenewable energyUnit-rootCarbon emissionsWater-useElectricity consumptionFinancial developmentError-correctionClimate changeAir pollutionAgricultureEnvironmental kuznets curveArdlCausalityAzerbaijanEnvironmental sciences & ecologyArticle0006075094000172309923112281810.1007/s11356-020-12228-31614-7499