Ekici, Mehmet AliÇıkrıklar, Halil İbrahimUysal, OnurÖzbek, ZühtüTurgut, Didem CoşanBaydemir, CananKazancı, Burak2022-09-162022-09-162014-01Ekici, M. A. vd. (2014). "Effect of etanercept and lithium chloride on preventing secondary tissue damage in rats with experimental diffuse severe brain injury". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 18(1), 10-27.1128-3602https://www.europeanreview.org/article/6443http://hdl.handle.net/11452/28781OBJECTIVE: Studies in animals have provided key evidence that antagonizing TNF-alpha is a viable therapeutic strategy for diffuse severe brain injury. This study is planned to prevent post-traumatic secondary tissue damages in rat diffuse severe brain injury model, which is induced by alone or combined administration of Etanercept and lithium chloride (LiCl). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male SpragueDawley rats were used in the current study. Rats were divided into 5 groups. Trauma was not induced and treatment was not applied to rats of Sham group. For rats of Trauma+Saline group, saline 0.9% was administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) route at dose of 1 mg/100 g body weight 1 hour after trauma. For rats of Trauma+Etanercept group, Etanercept was administered via i.p. route at dose of 5 mg/kg body weight 1 hour after trauma. For rats of Trauma+LiCl group, LiCl was administered via i.p. route at dose of 50 mg/kg body weight 1 hour after trauma. For rats of Etanercept+LiCl group, Etanercept and LiCl were administered via i.p. route at dose of 5 mg/kg body weight and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively, 1 hour after trauma. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Tau levels were analyzed with ELISA. For analyses H&E, TUNEL, GFAP and TNF-alpha staining methods were used. RESULTS: We demonstrate that Etanercept treatment reduced the TBI-induced brain tissues alteration, reduced the expression of TNF-alpha and improve edema and axonal swelling. We observed a significant decrease in TNF-alpha and GFAP positivity after LiCl was administered. CONCLUSIONS: The findings obtained in this study suggest that the combination therapy with Etanercept and LiCl decreased neuronal degeneration and alleviated secondary tissue damage in post-traumatic period.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessTraumatic brain injuryEtanerceptLithium chlorideTNF-alphaNecrosis-factor-alphaSpinal-cord-injuryFibrillary acidic proteinFocal serebral-ischemiaTau-proteinRheumatoid-arthritisNeuronal damageExpressionModelPharmacology & pharmacyAnimalsApoptosisAstrocytesBrainBrain injuriesDisease models, animalDrug therapyCombinationGlial fibrillary acidic proteinImmunoglobulin GLithium chlorideMaleNeuronsNeuroprotective agentsRats, sprague-dawleyReceptors, tumor necrosis factorTau proteinsTumor necrosis factor-alphaArticle0003314367000022-s2.0-84896953262102718124452937Pharmacology & pharmacyEarly Life; Lipopolysaccharide; NeurogenesisEtanerceptGlial fibrillary acidic proteinLithium chlorideSodium chlorideTau proteinTumor necrosis factor alphaGlial fibrillary acidic proteinImmunoglobulin GLithium chlorideNeuroprotective agentTau proteinTNFR-Fc fusion proteinTumor necrosis factor alphaTumor necrosis factor receptorAnimal experimentAnimal modelAnimal tissueArticleControlled studyEdemaELISA readerEnzyme linked immunosorbent assayMaleNerve cell degenerationNerve fiber degenerationNick end labelingNonhumanProtein blood levelRatSham procedureSprague Dawley ratTissue injuryTraumatic brain injuryAnimalAntagonists and inhibitorsApoptosisAstrocyteBloodBrainBrain injuriesDisease modelDrug combinationDrug effectsMetabolismNerve cellPathology